“流于异学而不自知”:论朱子对象山之学的批判  

“Flowed into the heretical learning without self-awareness(流于异学而不自知)”:Zhu Zi's Criticism of Lu Xiangshan's Learning

作　　者：李彬[1,2] Li Bin

机构地区：[1]郑州大学哲学学院 [2]郑州大学洛学研究中心

出　　处：《思想与文化》2024年第1期67-85,共19页Thought & Culture

基　　金：河南省哲学社会科学规划青年项目“洛学工夫论研究”(2023CZX011)

摘　　要：朱陆之辩是宋明理学史乃至中国哲学史上的重要学术话题。近代以来,牟宗三基于心学立场,扬陆贬朱。但基于朱子学立场,不应忽视的是朱子对象山之学全面、深入而系统的批判。首先,朱子认为象山之学在风格和本质上都“近禅”。其次,朱子认为象山之学“似告子”而有“义外”之弊,挥斥意见和议论。最后,朱子认为象山之学“不识性”,进而亦忽视气禀对成德的负面影响。总之,象山虽以圣学自期,但由于其心学的学术立场,脱略文字、直趋本根,否定师友载籍的必要性,有流于异端之学而不自知的问题,对当时和后世学风之崩坏有推波助澜的作用。朱子为挽世风而极力批判象山心学,乃出于学术之公心而非意气之争。The debate between Zhu Zi and Lu Xiangshan is an important academic topic in the history of Neo Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties and even in the history of Chinese philosophy.Since modern times,Mou Zongsan has promoted Lu and demoted Zhu based on his Xinxue(心学)stance.However,based on Zhu Zi's academic stance,what should not be ignored is his comprehensive,in-depth,and systematic criticism of Lu Xiangshan's learnings.Firstly,Zhu Zi believed that the study of Xiangshan is“nearing to Zen”(近禅)in both style and essence.Secondly,Zhu Zi believed that the study of Xiangshan was“similarly to Gaozi”(近告子)and had the drawbacks of“Yi Wai”(义外),and rejected any opinions and discussions.Finally,Zhu Zi believed that the study of Xiangshan was“incognizance of Xing”(不识性),and thus ignored negative influence of Qi on the development of virtue.In short,Although Xiangshan also claims to pursue the sacred learnings of Confucianism as his own responsibility,due to his scholarly position of Xinxue,which skip the texts and go straight to the root,and denied the necessity of teachers and books,and eventually had the drawback of“flowing into the heretical learning without self-awareness”,which also had a great impact on the collapse of the learning style at that time and in future generations.Zhu Zi's strong criticism of Xiangshan Xinxue for the sake of saving the world's culture that values reading and learning was out of the academic public spirit,not out of a dispute of temper.

关 键 词：朱子 象山 朱陆之辩 近禅 告子 义外 心学 

分 类 号：B244.7[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B244.8