从机器换人到人机协同——最低工资标准视角下企业出口国内增加值提升的机理与实证研究  

From Machine-for-Human to Human-Machine Synergy:Mechanisms and Empirical Evidence of Domestic Value Added Enhancement of Enterprises’Exports under the Perspective of Minimum Wage Standards

作　　者：刘维林[1] 李雪家 Liu Weilin;Li Xuejia(College of Economic and Social Development,Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,China;School of Economics,Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学经济与社会发展研究院,300071 [2]南开大学经济学院,300071

出　　处：《南开经济研究》2024年第12期148-169,共22页Nankai Economic Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“超大规模市场优势与现代化产业体系建设研究”(23&ZD042)和“大国经济条件下构建自主可控的现代产业体系重大问题研究”(21&ZD099)的资助。

摘　　要：工业机器人引发了生产方式和分工模式的深刻变革,在大幅提升生产制造的智能化水平与生产效率的同时,也改变了传统基于劳动要素禀赋形成的价值链分工格局,工业机器人所具有的劳动替代与劳动扩展双重属性对中国企业的贸易利得产生双重影响,而劳动者素质可能是决定工业机器人促进还是抑制价值链攀升的关键。本文基于2000—2014年中国工业企业的微观样本实证考察了工业机器人使用和最低工资标准对企业出口国内增加值的多重叠加影响。研究发现,工业机器人的使用能够显著提升企业出口国内增加值,且最低工资可以通过人力资本结构优化和生产率提升效应,使“人机协同”取代“机器换人”,从而强化二者关系,该结论在多重内生性和稳健性检验后依然成立。异质性分析发现,低技能行业和非国有企业“机器换人”的负面影响更大,但均能发挥最低工资的“人机协同”促进作用,且一般贸易企业和非国有企业能更好地协调人机关系并提升企业出口利得。“劳动要素收益提升”和“中间品替代”则是机器人使用影响企业出口国内增加值率的重要传导路径。本文认为应促进中国制造数智化转型、强化知识技能重塑和催生优质劳动供给来根本改善中国企业的价值链分工地位。Industrial robots have brought about profound changes in production methods and division of labor patterns.While greatly improving the intelligence level and production efficiency of production and manufacturing,industrial robots have also changed the traditional value chain division pattern based on labor factor endowments.The dual attributes of labor substitution and labor expansion of industrial robots have a dual impact on the trade profits of enterprises in China,and the quality of workers may be the key to decide whether industrial robots will promote or inhibit the rise in the value chain.Based on the micro-sample of industrial enterprises in China from 2000 to 2014,this paper empirically investigates the multiple superimposed effects of industrial robot imports and minimum wage on domestic value added of enterprises’exports.The study finds that the import of industrial robots can significantly increase the domestic value added of firms’exports,and that the minimum wage can strengthen the relationship between the two through the optimization of human capital structure and the productivity enhancement effect,so that“human-machine synergy”replaces“machine-for-human”This conclusion still holds after multiple endogeneity and robustness tests.Heterogeneity analysis reveals that low-skilled industries and non-state-owned enterprises have more negative impacts of“machine-for-man”,but they can all play the role of“human-machine synergy”promoted by the minimum wage,and general trading enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises can make better use of robots to improve their export profits.The“factor income of labor”and“intermediate goods substitution effect”are the important transmission paths of robot imports affecting the domestic value-added rate of export enterprises.In this paper,we think that we should promote the transformation of China’s manufacturing industry,strengthen the reshaping of workers'knowledge and skills,and create high-quality labor supply to fundamentally improve

关 键 词：工业机器人使用 出口国内增加值 最低工资 人机协同 

分 类 号：F27[经济管理—企业管理]