“无友不如己者”存在着“逻辑悖论”吗?——来自苏格拉底的启示  

Is There a“Logic Paradox”in“Shun Companionship with Those Less Virtuous than Yourself”?——An Interpretation from the Perspective of Socrate’s Views on Friends

作　　者：潘卫红 Pan Weihong

机构地区：[1]武汉理工大学马克思主义学院,湖北武汉430070

出　　处：《管子学刊》2025年第1期50-60,共11页GuanZi Journal

摘　　要：学界对《论语》“无友不如己者”有多种解释,至今尚无定论。主要原因在于学者大都认可最早由皇侃提出的所谓“逻辑悖论”,即如果人人都不与不如己者为友,只与胜己者为友,就不会有“朋友”这种关系了。如是,已有的解释由于存在着“逻辑悖论”而被抛弃,而那些回避了“逻辑悖论”的解释又不具有充足的说服力。苏格拉底在证明一种“单向的友爱”能否让人们彼此成为“朋友”的过程中,展示了“朋友”概念除了通常意义上的“相互的朋友”之外,还可以分别作为爱者、被爱者以及同时是爱者和被爱者来使用,即“朋友”可以用来指一种“单向的朋友”。这种“单向的朋友”概念可以否定所谓的“逻辑悖论”。孔子“无友不如己者”的“友”其实是指一种“单向的朋友”。在理解了“友”的真正内涵之后,这句话所引起的诸多困惑和争议,都可迎刃而解。There have been various interpretations of“Shun companionship with those less virtuous than yourself”,a saying from The Analects.The main reason for the lack of consensus is that most scholars accepted the logic in the so-called“logical paradox”,first proposed by Huang Kan,telling them that if everyone does not befriend those who are less virtuous than themselves and only befriends those who are more virtuous,there wouldn’t be“friends”.As stated,existing interpretations that contain this“logical paradox”are discarded,and those that avoid this paradox are not persuasive enough.Socrates,in the process of proving whether a“one-way love”can make people“friends”with each other,demonstrated that the concept of“friend”can be used not only in the sense of“mutual friends”but also as lovers,beloveds,and both lovers and beloveds at the same time,that is,“friend”can be used to“one-way”.This concept can negate the so-called“logical paradox”.Confucius’s“friend”in“Don’t make friends with the person who is not better than you”actually refers to a“one-way friend”.After understanding the connotation of“friend”,many of the confusions and disputes arising from this phrase can be easily resolved.

关 键 词：孔子 苏格拉底 皇侃之问 无友不如己者 

分 类 号：B222.2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]