父子之“命”与君臣之“义”:《庄子》伦理观特质  

The“Mandate”of Father and Son and the“Righteousness”of Ruler and Minister:Characteristics of Ethical Thought in the Zhuangzi

作　　者：蔡杰[1] CAI Jie(Collaborative Innovation Center of Confucian Civilization,Shandong University,Jinan 250100,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒家文明协同创新中心,山东济南250100

出　　处：《兰州大学学报(社会科学版)》2024年第6期108-116,共9页Journal of Lanzhou University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金冷门绝学研究专项学术团队项目“先秦两汉出土易类文献汇纂通考与话语体系建构研究”(23VJXT002);国家社会科学基金教育学青年课题“孟子教育人性论的现代重审及其教育思想的展开”(CEA200258)。

摘　　要：《庄子·人间世》提出父子之“命”与君臣之“义”的观点,分别对应于“不可解于心”和“无所逃于天地”,代表了道家对两种人伦的看法。在庄子看来,父子之“命”是一种先天的存在,处于人的认知把握的范围之外,因而具有自然性与不可知性,无法经由后天人为的方式加以解除。君臣之“义”则是政治社会中的一种外在的、应然的伦理规范,是臣者在共同体生活中,因其臣者身份而必须承担的职责,故而臣者身在其中既无所逃离,又无可奈何。儒家内部对庄子的看法,有认同,也有批评。批评的意见主要来自宋明理学家,因为理学家认为,父子与君臣的伦理均是由天所赋予,是人性所固有,但庄子将君臣一伦视为外在共同体的规定,实有“无君”的嫌疑。通过比较,可以窥探儒、道两家的伦理观异同。The chapter“The World of Men”(Renjian Shi in Chinese)in the Zhuangzi presents the concepts of the“mandate”(ming in Chinese)of father and son and the“righteousness”(yi in Chinese)of ruler and minister,corresponding respectively to“what cannot be resolved within the heart”and“what cannot be escaped under heaven and earth”.These concepts represent Daoist perspectives on two forms of human relationships.According to Zhuangzi,the“mandate”of father and son is an innate existence,beyond the realm of human cognition and control,characterized by its naturalness and unknowability,and thus cannot be dissolved through human effort.The“righteousness”of ruler and minister,on the other hand,is an external ethical norm in the political and social realm,representing the duties that a minister must bear due to their identity within the community.Consequently,a minister has no means of escape and no choice but to comply.Within Confucianism,views on Zhuangzi’s concepts are mixed,with both recognition and criticism.Criticism mainly comes from Neo-Confucian scholars of the Song and Ming dynasties,who believed that the ethics of father and son,as well as ruler and minister,are endowed by heaven and inherent to human nature;but Zhuangzi’s treatment of the ruler-minister relationship as an external regulation of the community appears to suggest a rejection of the ruler.By comparing these perspectives,the differences and similarities between Confucian and Daoist ethical views can be explored.

关 键 词：《庄子·人间世》 命 义 父子 君臣 

分 类 号：B223.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]