“有用性批判”的反思与现代性批判视域的拓展  

The Reflection on “Critique of Nützlichkeit” and the Expansion of the Perspective of the Critique of Modernity

作　　者：郗戈[1] 向南 Xi Ge;Xiang Nan(School of Marxism Studies,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学21世纪中国马克思主义研究协同创新中心 [2]中国人民大学马克思主义学院,北京100872

出　　处：《教学与研究》2025年第1期61-75,共15页Teaching and Research

基　　金：北京高校思想政治理论课高精尖创新中心重点项目“《马克思主义基本原理概论》教学中的《资本论》哲学思想研究”(项目号:19GJJB027)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：启蒙运动以来的“有用性的统治”引发了对启蒙理性的反思,并开启了以“有用性批判”为基本视域的现代性批判。从黑格尔到青年马克思的“有用性批判”,都遵循着“主体-客体”二元关系下现代性“分裂-整合”的理论模式,以自我意识主体的“起源-目的”自我复归运动来整合现代性的分裂。受制于“主体-客体”二元范式,法兰克福学派的工具理性批判内在地规定了“有用性批判”的深度与限度。对此,应当重新开掘马克思《资本论》及其手稿的政治经济学批判,将“有用性-主客体异化批判”纳入资本逻辑的结构化视域中予以重构,兼容并综合“主客体异化批判”与“主体间物象化批判”双重向度,突破“有用性批判”的主体性困境,拓展现代性批判的当代视域。进而,在超越启蒙的“有用性批判”的基础上,应当以必然王国与自由王国划分的结构化视域展望未来社会的“新有用性”,探索主体与“有用性”新关系的未来向度。The “domination of Nützlichkeit” since the Enlightenment movement has triggered a reflection on Enlightenment rationalism and opened up the critique of modernity based on the critique of Nützlichkeit.The critique of Nützlichkeit from Hegel to young Marx follows the theoretical model of “split-integration” of modernity under the binary relationship of “subject-object”,integrating the split of modernity through the self-restoration movement of “origin-purpose” of a self-conscious subject.Constrained by the binary paradigm of “subject-object”,the critique of instrumental reason of the Frankfurt School inherently defines the depth and limitation of the critique of Nützlichkeit.In this regard,it is necessary to re-examine the critique of political economy of Marx's Das Kapital and its manuscripts,and reconstruct the “critique of Nützlichkeit and subject-object alienation” into the structured version of capital logic,integrating the dual dimensions of “critique of Nützlichkeit and subject-object alienation” and “the critique of the intersubjective Versachlichung”,breaking through the subjectivity dilemma of the critique of Nützlichkeit,and expanding the contemporary perspective of the critique of modernity.Furthermore,on the basis of transcending the critique of Nützlichkeit in the Enlightenment,it is necessary to look forward to the “new Nützlichkeit” of future society from a structured perspective of dividing the realm of necessity and the realm of freedom,and explore the future direction of the new relationship between the subject and Nützlichkeit.

关 键 词：有用性批判 现代性批判 政治经济学批判 工具理性批判 结构化视域 

分 类 号：G40-02[文化科学—教育学原理] A81[文化科学—教育学]