基于PAP的不同负重跳深练习对短跑运动员爆发力和肌肉募集特征影响研究  

Effects of PAP Based Different Weighted Drop Jump Exercises on Explosive Power and Muscle Recruitment Characteristics of Sprinters

作　　者：刘瑞东 张俊杰 LIU Ruidong;ZHANG Junjie(Sports Coaching College,Beijing Sport Univ.,Beijing 100084,China;Key Lab of Sports Training,General Administration of Sport of China,Beijing 100084,China;Graduate School,Capital Univ.of P.E.and Sports,Beijing 100091,China)

机构地区：[1]北京体育大学竞技体育学院,北京100084 [2]国家体育总局运动训练重点实验室,北京100084 [3]首都体育学院研究生部,北京100091

出　　处：《武汉体育学院学报》2025年第2期79-86,共8页Journal of Wuhan Sports University

基　　金：中国高等教育学会2023年度高等教育科学研究规划重点课题(23TY0205);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助课题(2024YDXL005)。

摘　　要：激活后增强效应(Post-activation potentiation, PAP)一直是运动训练领域热门话题,当前对诱导出最佳PAP的诱导练习形式、最佳恢复时间以及诱发PAP的解释机制尚无定论。通过施加不同负重跳深练习(无负重组[DJ]和20%体重的负重背心组[WDJ])来探究PAP对下肢垂直爆发力影响。研究发现:(1)在提升垂直跳跃(CMJ)表现方面,DJ组诱导PAP最佳恢复时间为4~8 min;而WDJ组诱导PAP最佳恢复时间为8~12 min,说明DJ组练习对诱导PAP最佳时间要早于WDJ组;(2)与DJ组相比,WDJ组能更大程度激活运动员大腿肌群(股直肌和股二头肌)募集程度,尤其是股后肌群;而DJ组能更大程度激活运动员小腿肌群(腓肠肌)募集程度,说明“负重”因素能改变下肢肌肉的发力模式影响跳跃表现;(3)DJ和WDJ组练习均能在提升CMJ运动表现的同时,显著提升肌电RMS和MPF,说明高阶运动单位募集是PAP的解释机制之一。Post-activation potentiation(PAP)has always been a hot topic in the field of sports training.There is currently no consensus on the optimal form of induction practice,optimal recovery time,and explanatory mechanism for inducing PAP.This study explored the effect and possible mechanism of PAP on the explosive force of lower limbs in the horizontal direction by applying different weight-bearing drop jump exercises(no weight-bearing[DJ]and 20%weighted vest[WDJ])in order to provide reference for the acute improvement of the athletes’vertical explosive performance.It could be seen that in terms of improving the performance of vertical jumping(CMJ),the best recovery time of PAP induced by DJ group was 4 to 8 minutes,while the best recovery time of PAP induced by WDJ group was 8 to 12 minutes,indicating that DJ group exercises could induce the best time for PAP earlier than WDJ group.Compared with DJ group,WDJ group could activate the athletes’thigh muscles(rectus femoris and biceps femoris)recruitment to a greater extent,especially the posterior femoral muscles,while DJ group could activate the athletes'calf muscles(gastrocnemius)recruitment to a greater extent,indicating that the“loads”factor could change the force exerted pattern of lower limb muscles so to affect the jumping performance.Both DJ and WDJ groups significantly improved the EMG RMS,MPF,and the CMJ performance,indicating that the recruitment of higher-order motor units was one of the explanatory mechanism of PAP.

关 键 词：激活后增强效应 跳深 短跑运动员 爆发力 肌肉募集 垂直跳 肌电 

分 类 号：G808.1[文化科学—体育训练]