以直养气与忘形养气:明初儒道修养工夫之两维  

Cultivating Qi with Straightforwardness and Forgetfulness of Shape:The Two Dimensions of Self-Cultivation of Confucianism and Taoism in the Early Ming Dynasty

作　　者：龚瑞 GONG Rui(School of Philosophy,Hubei University,Wuhan 430062,China)

机构地区：[1]湖北大学哲学学院,湖北武汉430062

出　　处：《东华理工大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期70-77,共8页Journal of East China University of Technology(Social Science)

摘　　要：修养工夫是道德主体进行道德反思的中间环节。在明初工夫论的交涉中,儒家与道教的主流观点聚焦于以直养气与忘形养气。薛瑄以“理”的所当然之则为先导,从理气双重视域对前贤“以直养气”之说加以解读,寻求规范“养直”的话语符号,重点探讨气的内在化转向路径,运用“敬以直内”的内在价值制约道德主体的行为。“忘形养气”是道教寻求精神完满的重要方式,其典型人物张宇初透过忘形的方式来实现养虚的目的,主张以“忘形”完成性命双修的构筑,旨在实现人与生俱来的虚静本性。在道德主体与道德实践之间,唯以“养”的方式最大限度地发展自己,才能在道德生命中将人的理性精神加以展开,从而使人性熠熠生辉。Self-cultivation is an intermediate link in the moral reflection of the moral subject.In the negotiation of the Gongfu Theory in the early Ming Dynasty,the mainstream view of Confucianism and Taoism focused on cultivating Qi through straightforwardness and forgetfulness of shape.Taking the principle of"reason"as the guide,Xue Xuan interpreted the theory of"cultivating Qi with straightforwardness"from the dual emphasis of reason and Qi,and sought for standardizing the discourse symbol of"cultivating straightforwardness".He focused on the path of the internalization of Qi,and used the intrinsic value of"respecting and straightening inward"to restrict the behavior of moral subjects.Cultivating Qi by forgetting shape is the important way for Taoists to seek for spiritual completeness.Zhang Yuchu,a typical figure of Taoism,realized the purpose of cultivating deficiency through the way of forgetting shape.He advocated the construction of the double cultivation of human nature and life by forgetting shape,aiming to realize the innate nature of humility and tranquility.Between the moral subject and moral practice,only by developing oneself to the maximum extent in the way of"cultivation"can the rational spirit of human beings be unfolded in the moral life and thus makes human nature shine.

关 键 词：薛瑄 张宇初 修养工夫 以直养气 忘形养气 

分 类 号：B248[哲学宗教—中国哲学]