法律规定的国家考试范围探讨--基于933份代替考试罪裁判文书的案例分析  

The Scope of Legally Prescribed National Examinations:A Case Study Based on the Analysis of 933 Judgment Documents on the Offense of Examination Substitution

作　　者：张萌[1] ZHANG Meng(Shandong University,Qingdao 266237,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学,山东青岛266237

出　　处：《中国考试》2025年第3期61-70,共10页journal of China Examinations

摘　　要：考试范围不确定是影响我国考试立法的一大难题。对于933份代替考试罪判决文书的案例分析显示,法律规定的国家考试存在法律依据不一致、规定方式不明确、组织机构适法性存疑、兜底条款适用标准模糊等问题。为此,有必要重塑法律规定的国家考试认定标准,以狭义法律说为依据,将直接、间接规定均纳入法律规定方式,行业须经法律、法规有效授权方能成为部分国家考试的组织主体。同时,兜底条款适用遵循形式解释的基本立场,即法律没有明确规定的考试,不能以社会危害性大为由认定为法律规定的国家考试。运用同类解释规则时应以实质符合说为判断标准,具体对涉案考试的设立依据、考试重要程度、考试作弊的实际危害等要素加以考察。唯有经过体系性的层层筛选,才能进一步框定法律规定的国家考试范围,从而为实现依法治考、从严治考提供支撑。The ambiguity surrounding the scope of examinations poses a significant challenge to legislation regarding examinations in China.An analysis of 933 judgment documents related to the offense of examination substitution has uncovered several issues with the legally prescribed national examinations.These issues include inconsistent legal foundations,unclear regulatory approaches,questionable legality of organizing institutions,and vague application standards related to the residual clause.To address these problems,it is essential to redefine the criteria for recognizing legally prescribed national examinations.According to narrow legal theory,both direct and indirect provisions should be incorporated into the legal framework.An industry can serve as the organizing body for specific national examinations only if it is formally authorized by relevant laws and regulations.Moreover,the application of the residual clause should follow the principle of formal interpretation.This means that examinations not explicitly mentioned in the law cannot be recognized as legally prescribed national examinations solely based on their significant social impact.When applying similar interpretation rules,the standard of substantive compliance should be used as the basis for judgment.This involves examining the foundational basis of the examinations in question,their importance,and the actual harm caused by examination cheating.By implementing a systematic screening process,we can better delineate the scope of legally prescribed national examinations.This will ultimately support the establishment of a law-based and stringent examination governance system.

关 键 词：国家考试 法律规定 代替考试罪 兜底条款 考试立法 

分 类 号：G405[文化科学—教育学原理]