民事公益诉讼诉权顺位的反思与重构——基于241份判例的实证分析  

REFLECTIONS ON AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SEQUENCE OF CIVIL PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION RIGHTS:AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON 241 JURISPRUDENCE CASES

作　　者：孙乾忠 韩静茹 SUN Qianzhong;HAN Jingru(Capital Normal University,College of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100048,China)

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学政法学院,北京100048

出　　处：《河南工业大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期96-105,共10页Journal of Henan University of Technology:Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目(23&ZD164);首都师范大学政法学院研究生科研项目(cnu_zfxy_yjs2024008)。

摘　　要：目前民事公益诉讼适用社会组织与法定机关优先、检察机关置后的一般诉权顺位规则,但实践中却存在优先诉权主体与备位诉权主体错位的窘境,检察机关成为公益诉讼的主导者。实践的窘境不仅源于各诉权主体间的性质与能力差异,还源于激励机制与诉前程序的不完善。为回应上述问题,应继续遵循谦抑性原则,坚持维护公共利益的诉讼目标与多元协同的治理理念,在保留社会组织优先诉权的基础之上,限缩法定机关的优先诉权。同时,通过增设激励机制来提高社会组织的诉讼积极性,通过优化多元诉前程序来发挥诉前公告的督促功能。此种诉权顺位安排,继续坚持“检察机关置后说”,不仅保留了社会组织与法定机关的优先地位,还有助于公私诉权主体间的良性互动,实现较为科学的多元主体参与公益诉讼的目标。At present,the civil public interest litigation applies to the general sequence of action rights,that is,social organizations and statutory organs have priority over the procuratorate.However,a misplaced dilemma in practice is found between the dominant action subject and the subordinate action subject,in which procuratorial organs have emerged as the dominant parties in public interest litigation.The issue is caused by the inadequacies of the incentives and pre-litigation processes in addition to the disparities in the character and ability of different action subjects.To address the above problem,this paper argues that we should continue to follow the principle of modesty,adhere to the litigation goal of safeguarding the public interest and the concept of multi-dimensional and coordinated governance,and limit the priority of the statutory authorities on the basis of retaining the priority of social organizations.Meanwhile,the litigation initiative of social organizations should be enhanced by adding incentive mechanisms,and the supervisory function of pre-litigation announcements should be brought into play by optimizing the diversified pre-litigation procedures.This sequence arrangement of litigation rights still adheres to the“subordinate role of procuratorial organs”,not only maintaining the priority status of social organizations and statutory organs,but also facilitating the benign interaction between public and private action subjects with an aim to realize a scientific model in the public interest litigation featuring multiple subjects’participation.

关 键 词：民事公益诉讼 诉权顺位 激励机制 规则重构 

分 类 号：D915.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]