孰为“中国”:中古三教“中国”论争与文化正统  

Which Country is Situated at the Center of the Earth? The Controversy among Three Teachings in Medieval China and Cultural Orthodoxy

作　　者：韩吉绍[1] 张鲁君[1] Han Jishao;Zhang Lujun

机构地区：[1]山东大学历史学院,济南250100

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2025年第2期186-203,208,共19页Social Sciences in China

摘　　要：“中国”是华夏文明的一个本源性概念,上古至汉代由地理观念逐渐演变成文明及文化正统的代表性符号。中古时期,佛教将其“中国”观引入华夏地区,对传统“中国”观造成一定冲击。儒道围绕孰为“中国”问题与佛教展开了长期论争,道教从信仰层面围绕“中国”进行理论建构,对维护华夏“中国”的思想信仰和正统观念起到积极作用。随着印度地区佛教的衰落、佛教中国化的突破以及华夏文化新发展,“中国”之争在唐代逐渐偃息,华夏“中国”的文化正统属性得以巩固。中古三教“中国”论争问题可为本土文化面对外来文化冲击时如何保持独立自主发展提供启示和借鉴。The concept of the center of the Earth(Zhongguo)is a fundamental notion in Chinese civilization.From antiquity to the Han Dynasty,it evolved from a geographical concept into a symbolic representation of civilization and cultural orthodoxy.During the medieval period,the introduction of Buddhist perspectives on Central Country to China challenged traditional Chinese interpretations.Confucianism and Daoism engaged in prolonged debates with Buddhism over the center of the Earth,while Daoism further developed theoretical frameworks centered on"Zhongguo,"playing a proactive role in safeguarding Chinese intellectual beliefs and orthodox concepts.With the decline of Buddhism in India,breakthroughs in the Sinicization of Buddhism,and the rejuvenation of Chinese culture,disputes over"Zhongguo"gradually subsided during the Tang Dynasty,and the cultural legitimacy of the Chinese concept was consolidated.The medieval debates among the three teachings regarding"Zhongguo"offer valuable insights into how local cultures can maintain independendt evelopmenttwhenconfrontedwith externalcultural challenges.

关 键 词：中国 “中国”观 佛教 道教 儒家 

分 类 号：I20[文学—中国文学]