我国高考体系对拔尖创新人才的识别效果评估  

The Assessment of the Effect of China's College Entrance Examination System on the Identification of Top-Notch Innovative Talents

作　　者：陆一[1] 卜尚聪 Lu Yi;Bu Shangcong(Institute of Higher Education,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学高等教育研究所,上海200433

出　　处：《教育研究》2025年第2期86-100,共15页Educational Research

基　　金：国家自然科学基金2024年度青年科学基金项目“普及化阶段的院校选拔性与学生能力增值:基于多源数据的实证分析”(编号:72404055)的研究成果。

摘　　要：高考体系是我国拔尖创新人才识别与选拔的基础制度和关键环节。对高考选才效果的评估既要对大学拔尖学生学业表现进行实证检验,也应关注学生在制度框架下如何做出报考选择。总分统招、竞赛保送、强基计划是我国高考体系为拔尖创新人才脱颖而出开辟的主要路径,其中,强基计划的制度设计放大了个人选择的权重。通过对我国8所一流大学调查数据进行评估发现,相比于总分统招生,竞赛保送生在创新潜质、专业兴趣等成才品质上得分更高;强基计划生在学业成绩、创新潜质、专业兴趣等成才品质上得分较低,更多计划读博,但也存在志向模糊情况。随着政策调整,强基计划选拔效果好转,对特定考生群体发挥了“有序抬升”作用。研究显示,基于竞赛标准录取的强基计划生各方面表现更好;科学兴趣较低的投机型、策略型强基计划生表现较差,自我否定当初选择这一项目及专业的概率显著更高,而科学兴趣浓厚的志愿型、卓越型强基计划生表现更佳。未来高考体系应进一步确立全科优学型、特长天赋型和战略后备型的选才定位,探索更加丰富有效的前置性测评工具。其中,总分统招应面向全科优学型人才,提升高分段区分度;竞赛保送应面向特长天赋型人才,拓展更多赛道;强基计划应面向战略后备型人才,引导理性选择,通过多维度扩大选拔制度供给,推动各类拔尖创新人才脱颖而出。The college entrance examination system is a basic system and a key link for the identification and selection of top-notch innovative talents in China.The assessment of the effect of talent selection by the college entrance examinations needs to be tested through the academic performance of the top-notch students enrolled by colleges and universities,and heed how the students make their choices under the framework of the college entrance examinations.China's college entrance examination system opens up pathways for top-notch innovative talents,which mainly include general college enrollment based on total test scores,competition-based recommendation,and the Pilot Reform Program of Enrollment for Basic Disciplines(hereinafter called the Pilot Reform Program),with the Pilot Reform Program magnifying the weight of individual choices.This study,based on an assessment of the data from China's eight first-class universities,reveals the following:The students enrolled through competition-based recommendation scored higher than those enrolled through general college enrollment in the potentials for innovation,the interest in specialized courses,and other competences needed for top-notch innovative talents;those students enrolled through the Pilot Reform Program scored lower in academic performance,the potentials for innovation,the interest in specialized courses,and other competences needed for top-notch innovative talents,and the vast majority of them planned to study for a doctoral degree,but they displayed ambiguous career aspirations.With policy adjustments over time,the selection of students based on the Pilot Reform Program produced a better effect,with certain groups of students(who scored a bit lower in the college entrance examinations)still admitted to higher-level"double world-class"universities through the Pilot Reform Program.Research reveals that those students enrolled through the Pilot Reform Program showed the following:Those students enrolled according to their competition results performed well in all

关 键 词：拔尖创新人才 高考体系 总分统招 竞赛保送 强基计划 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]