耶鲁《中国古航海图》山形的视角、布局和侧重点  

Recognizing the Routes along the Coast:Perspectives,Layout,and Emphasis of the"Island Profiles"in the Zhongguo Gu Hang Hai Tu

作　　者：丁雁南[1] 于文心 Ding Yannan;Yu Wenxin(Institute of Chinese Historical Geography,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史地理研究中心,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期127-136,共10页Fudan Journal(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(项目批准号:42071192);国家社会科学基金冷门绝学项目(项目批准号:2018VJX108)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：近海地文导航是中国古代航海活动的关键技术之一,通常是选取航行时所见的一批岛屿以及岸上山峰作为“望山”,它们的“山形”则是“山形水势图”上的重点表现对象。本文利用H-GIS的思路和方法,首先将耶鲁《中国古航海图》上的望山在数字地图上予以定位,并分析其分布规律。分析显示自然地物、望山以及高频绘制地点三者之间的集中程度互不相关,是有选择性绘制的结果。进而,运用“默会知识”概念,分析耶鲁《中国古航海图》上望山的山形绘制视角和布局问题,指出绘制视角具有多角度、远近有别的特征;观察点多在岛屿远海半侧,符合航路选择的规律。最后,结合明清多幅山形水势图分析,本文认为《中国古航海图》的主要绘制逻辑是以对景图组为单位在图上罗列,组间留白与地理空间无关。明述的山形背后包含着大量的默会知识,值得今后进一步挖掘。The Zhongguo gu hang hai tu in the Beinecke Library,Yale University,depicts the many islands and mountain peaks observed along the coast while the ship sails.These"viewing mountains,"depicted in the style of"island profiles,"were crucial for ancient Chinese sailors to conduct coastal navigation and location-finding,making them the focal point on the Shan xing shui shi charts,among which the Yale collection is the most well-studied.This paper utilizes the concepts and methods of Historical Geographic Information Systems(H-GIS)to first locate the island profiles on digital maps and analyze their distribution patterns.The research reveals that the natural geographical features,concentration of viewing mountains,and the key locations that were frequently represented are not interrelated.Rather,it is a result of selective representation.Furthermore,this paper continues to apply the concept of"tacit knowledge"to analyze the perspective and layout of the island profiles.It points out that the drawing perspectives exhibit characteristics from multiple angles,a feature comparable to the application of azimuth angle.The observation points are often on the seaward side of islands,matching the route choices of the sailors.By examining multiple Shan xing shui shi charts from the Ming and Qing dynasties,this paper argues that the primary logic underpinning the Zhongguo gu hang hai tu is to group front views into units on the chart,with the inter-group blank spaces unrelated to geographical space.The explicit island profiles concealed a wealth of tacit knowledge,warranting further exploration in the future.

关 键 词：《中国古航海图》 绘法 山形 默会知识 地图学史 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]