《老子》之“道”的隐喻思维新探  

A New Exploration of the Metaphorical Thinking of the "Tao" in Laozi

作　　者：廖雪 Liao Xue(School of Philosophy,Remin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学哲学院,北京100872

出　　处：《东方论坛—青岛大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期30-42,共13页Eastern Forum(JOURNAL OF QINGDAO UNIVERSITY)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“老子哲学与先秦道论研究”(20AZX009)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：隐喻思维从根植于人类日常经验基础的喻象出发,以喻象与主旨之间的直接类似为关联,超越融贯地将喻象与主旨共同呈现于主体之中。隐喻思维是《老子》一书中独具特色的论证方式,体现了中国传统原创性、灵活性、超越性的思维模式。纵观全书,《老子》道论有四个主要的隐喻:一为“谷神”喻,以“生”的直接类似,诠释了“道”是宇宙万物生发的总根源,具有生的创造性;二为“橐籥”喻,以“虚”“气”的直接类似,诠释了“道”藏纳万物、动中求本,具有动的恒常性;三为“水”喻,以“柔弱”“处下”“慈悲”的共通性,诠释了“道”善济万物、居下处卑,具有为的至善性;四为“婴儿”喻,以“善继”“处静”“厚德”的感通性,诠释了体“道”之士,与天地合其德,归于生命之本,具有复的自然性。隐喻思维以灵活、原创、超越的优势克服理性思维固定、僵化的困境,使玄妙深邃的“道”更加具有可描述性、可体验性,也是我们重新审视经典文本,更加贴近中国古代文思的形式。同时,隐喻思维重视主体心性的易简体悟,是对理性思维、实践思维大行其道带来的主体性危机的一种补救方案。Metaphorical thinking emerges from figural imagery grounded in human daily experience,establishing direct analogical correlations between these images and their thematic subjects to achieve transcendent integration through their co-presentation in cognitive frameworks.As a distinctive way of argumentation in Laozi,it embodies the originality,flexibility,and transcendence of traditional Chinese thought.The Tao discourse in Laozi articulates four core metaphors:The "Valley Spirit" metaphor,through the analogy of "generativity," interprets Tao as the cosmic source of creation with generative vitality.The "Bellows" metaphor,mapping "emptiness" and "qi",reveals Tao's paradoxical constancy in nurturing existence through dynamic vacuity.The "Water" metaphor,via attributes of "softness","humility",and "compassion",manifests Tao's supreme benevolence in sustaining all beings.The "Infant" metaphor illustrates the spiritual communicability characterized by "skillful inheritance","abiding in stillness",and "profound virtue",elucidating how Tao practitioners align their virtues with Heaven and Earth,return to the origin of life,and embody the natural essence of cyclical renewal.By transcending the rigidity of rational paradigms,metaphorical thinking enhances the describability and experiential accessibility of Tao's profundity.This approach revitalizes classical hermeneutics by aligning with ancient Chinese intellectual traditions.Meanwhile,metaphorical thinking emphasizes the easy and intuitive comprehension of the subject's inner nature,and it is a remedial solution to the crisis of subjectivity brought about by the prevalence of rational and practical thinking.

关 键 词：《老子》 道 隐喻思维 非用舌论 返本开新 

分 类 号：B223.1[哲学宗教—中国哲学]