穿透理性的颠倒:重思马克思对黑格尔哲学的多重“颠倒性”批判  

Inversion of Penetrating Reason:Rethinking Marx’s Multiple“Inverted”Critiques of Hegel’s Philosophy

作　　者：宣博方 XUAN Bofang(School of Marxism,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学马克思主义学院,上海200433

出　　处：《江苏海洋大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2025年第2期32-42,共11页Journal of Jiangsu Ocean University(Humanities & Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：复旦大学马克思主义学院“泮林望菁”研究生创新计划A类项目(2024FDMYT01)。

摘　　要：马克思的新哲学立场始于对黑格尔哲学的批判,其中最典型的是以“颠倒”为线索对黑格尔哲学所进行的清算。如何以“颠倒”来理解马克思在哲学革命中的立场,是重思马克思对黑格尔哲学“颠倒性”批判的关键环节。换言之,所谓“颠倒”是否意味着费尔巴哈意义上简单的“头足倒置”,抑或是黑格尔意义上从知性到精神的“理论跃迁”?答案是否定的。随着马克思的研究视域从政治哲学转向政治经济学,对“颠倒”的理解不能仅仅局限于马克思对黑格尔辩证法神秘外壳或形式的剥离,或仅仅是局限于黑格尔唯心主义辩证法理论内部的颠倒。而“真正的”颠倒应该是一种穿透理性的,以“合理形态”的辩证法由理论走向现实、由解释走向改变的一种基本范式的“颠倒”。马克思辩证法的提出正是这种具有革命性和批判性“颠倒”的真实写照。按照“主谓颠倒→辩证法颠倒”的理路来理解马克思对黑格尔哲学的扬弃,能够更为清晰地把握马克思如何以“现实的人”的活动为立足点,揭露黑格尔哲学的“思辨秘密”,并以实践唯物主义为根基恢复辩证法的批判性与革命性。Marx’s new philosophical position began with his critique of Hegel’s philosophy,the most typical of which is the liquidation of Hegel’s philosophy by the clue of“inversion”.How to understand Marx’s position in the philosophical revolution in terms of“inversion”is the key link in rethinking Marx’s critique of Hegel’s philosophy as“inverted”.In other words,does the so-called“inversion”mean a simple“inversion of the head and foot”in the sense of Feuerbach,or a“theoretical leap”from the intellectual to the spiritual in the sense of Hegel?The answer is no.As Marx’s field of study shifted from political philosophy to political economy,the understanding of“inversion”could not be confined to Marx’s stripping away of the mysterious shell or form of Hegelian dialectics,or to the inversion within the theory of Hegelian idealist dialectics.The“real”inversion should be an“inversion”of the basic paradigm that penetrates reason and takes the dialectic in its“rational form”from theory to reality,from interpretation to change.The proposal of Marxian dialectics is a true ref lection of this revolutionary and critical“inversion”.Understanding Marx’s rejection of Hegel’s philosophy according to the rationale of“subject-predicate inversion→dialectic inversion”,people can more clearly grasp how Marx took the“real human”activity as the foothold,exposed the“discursive secret”of Hegel’s philosophy,and restored the dialectic based on the foundation of practical materialism.The rejection of Marx’s philosophy can more clearly grasp how Marx exposed the“discursive secret”of Hegel’s philosophy on the basis of real human activities,and restored the critical and revolutionary nature of dialectic based on practical materialism.

关 键 词：主谓颠倒 “自我意识” 思维抽象 思维具体 合理形态的辩证法 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]