中国教育不平等的变化趋势:基于机会不平等的视角  

Trends in Educational Inequality in China:From the Perspective of Inequality of Opportunit

作　　者：杨娟[1] 张立芳 YANG Juan;ZHANG Li-fang(Business School,Beijing Normal University)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学经济与工商管理学院/首都教育经济研究基地 [2]北京师范大学经济与工商管理学院

出　　处：《教育经济评论》2024年第6期3-26,共24页China Economics of Education Review

摘　　要：教育机会不平等是就业与收入不平等的重要原因之一,促进教育机会平等对缩小收入差距、促进社会公平具有深远影响。本文利用CGSS2010—2021年八期调查数据,依托Roemer的“环境—努力”二元分析框架,运用事前参数回归法测算中国教育机会不平等程度和年代变化趋势。研究发现:首先,由环境因素导致的不平等占总体不平等的44.9%,父亲受教育程度对教育机会不平等的贡献度最大,排在其后的是出生年代和户籍类型。随着时间推移,父亲受教育程度在机会不平等的形成过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用,户籍的影响逐渐减弱。其次,城市地区40后—80后的教育机会不平等程度低于农村地区,但在90后样本中却略高于农村地区。再次,东部地区的总体教育不平等程度最低,但机会不平等程度最高,而中部和西部地区恰恰相反。经济发展并未自然而然地促进教育机会均等,经济发达地区的弱势群体子女可能更容易在激烈的教育竞争中处于不利地位。最后,在剔除环境因素对努力的影响后,“净努力”对个体教育获得仍有显著影响,但对教育机会不平等的总体贡献度约占0.30%,努力难以消解劣势环境导致的教育机会不平等。Educational inequality of opportunity significantly contributes to disparities in employment and income,and promoting equal educational opportunities has a profound impact on narrowing income gaps and fostering social equity.This study utilizes data from the China General Social Survey(CGSS)spanning from 2010 to 2021,applying Roemer's“environment-effort”framework,along with ex-ante parameter regression methods,to assess the degree and trends of educational opportunity inequality in China.We find that inequality caused by environmental factors accounts for 44.9%of the total inequality,with paternal education emerging as the predominant factor,followed by cohort and household registration(hukou).Father's education level plays an increasingly important role in the formation of inequality of opportunity over time,while the influence of household registration gradually declines.Second,inequality of opportunity for individuals born between the 1940s and 1980s in urban areas is lower than that in rural areas.However,in the 1990s cohort,the level of inequality of opportunity in urban areas is slightly higher than in rural areas.Third,outcome inequality in education is lowest in the eastern region,but inequality of opportunity is highest,which is the exact opposite in the central and western regions.Economic development does not naturally lead to equal educational opportunities,and children from disadvantaged groups in economically developed areas may be more likely to be at a disadvantage in intense educational competition.Finally,after eliminating the impact of environmental factors on effort,“pure effort”still has a significant effect on individual educational attainment,but its overall contribution to reducing educational opportunity inequality is only about 0.30%,which indicates that effort alone cannot dissolve the educational opportunity inequalities caused by adverse circumstances.

关 键 词：教育不平等 机会不平等 努力不平等 

分 类 号：G521[文化科学—教育学]