文本之“体”与诠释之“用”——试以“体用”范畴讨论中国阐释学传统  

The“Essence”of Texts and the“Function”of Interpretation

作　　者：周裕锴[1] Zhou Yukai

机构地区：[1]四川大学中国俗文化研究所,成都610064

出　　处：《四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期81-89,232,233,共11页Journal of Sichuan University:Philosophy and Social Science Edition

摘　　要：中国古代阐释学倾向于对文本本体与诠释实践的双向关注,这与侧重理解过程及阐释者立场的西方阐释学传统不同。这种双向关注可借用中国哲学的“体用”范畴来说明,本体性的存在通过载道之文成为经典文本之“体”,其“用”则为理解、诠释、演绎、引用等文本意义的实现方式。以“《易》无达占”为代表的文本意义的不确定性,导致诠释活动的多元性。“从变从义”是经典文本多元阐释的基础,《周易·系辞》提出的“仁者见之谓之仁,知者见之谓之知”,“神而明之,存乎其人”,“引而伸之,触类而长之”等,成为中国古代阐释学的一般观念和方法论。“经同而传异”揭示了经典文本开放性与诠释多元性之间的互动,“《诗》无达诂”表现为“兴观群怨”“断章取义”、集句诗、集注等各种文本的诠释和使用。宋代以降,儒家与佛教的阐释观念相互渗透,禅宗“活参”观念与钟惺“诗为活物”说,呼应“生生之谓易”的古老命题,强调文本鲜活的生命力与诠释的自由灵活性,深化了“从变从义”的传统。经典作为生生不息的生命体,迫使诠释者不断产生新的意义。最终,中国古代阐释学在“体一用万”的逻辑下形成的独特体系,彰显着中国传统学术的现代价值。Ancient Chinese hermeneutics tends to emphasize both the ontological nature of texts and the practice of interpretation,which differs slightly from the Western hermeneutic tradition that focuses more on the process of understanding and the interpreter’s standpoint.This dual focus can be explained using the Chinese philosophical concepts of ti(体,essence)and yong(用,function).The ontological existence of a text becomes the“essence”(ti)of a classical text through its role as a vessel for conveying the Way(dao),while the realization of textual meaning through understanding,interpretation,elaboration,and citation represents its“function”(yong),as seen in ancient expressions such as“the function of the Yi Jing,”“the function of the Shi Jing,”and“the function of the Chunqiu.”Dong Zhongshu asserted that“the Shi Jing has no definitive interpretation,the Yi Jing has no definitive divination,and the Chunqiu has no definitive wording,”highlighting the pluralistic nature of classical text interpretation.However,he regarded“following change and following righteousness”as the fundamental principle of interpreting classical texts,suggesting that textual meaning is characterized by both variability and indeterminacy(bian,变)as well as interpretative rationality and appropriateness(yi,义).The Yi Jing,as the most ontologically significant of the Six Classics,is inherently fluid in meaning(ti),which leads to diverse and differentiated interpretations(yong).Statements from the“Xici Commentary”of the Yi Jing,such as“The benevolent see it as benevolence,and the wise see it as wisdom,”“To comprehend its divine mystery depends on the individual,”and“Extend it and apply it to similar cases,”have become fundamental concepts and methodologies in Chinese hermeneutics.The idea that“the classics remain the same,but their commentaries differ”reveals the interaction between the openness of classical texts and the plurality of interpretations.The poetic expression of emotions of the Shi Jing

关 键 词：阐释学 经典文本 多元诠释 体用 生生之谓易 诗为活物 

分 类 号：B089.2[哲学宗教—哲学理论] I207.22[文学—中国文学]