五德终始说与司马迁的历史书写——以《史记》与岳麓秦简史料矛盾的考辨为中心  

The Theory of Five Elements Circulation and Sima Qian’s Historical Writing:Centered on the Contradiction between Records of the Grand Historian and Yuelu Bamboo Slips of Qin

作　　者：符奎 Fu Kui

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学人文学院,浙江金华321004

出　　处：《文史哲》2025年第2期44-53,166,共11页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：据《史记·秦始皇本纪》记载,秦始皇巡行至湘山时,因渡江遇大风而迁怒湘君,下令“皆伐湘山树,赭其山”,但《岳麓书院藏秦简(伍)》相关律令却记载秦始皇对湘山及其周边地区的树木采取了保护措施,下诏“皆禁勿伐”。这一史实之间矛盾的产生,可能是司马迁根据另一来源史料构建土德虞舜与水德秦王朝之间的相克关系所致。邹衍所主张的五德终始说对司马迁的历史观与历史书写产生了深刻的影响。《史记》所记历史始于土德的黄帝,终于汉朝正式颁布土德制度的太初年间。在这一历史过程中,如果秦因土德之兴而亡,不仅可以为汉土德说确立历史依据,而且是五德运行周而复始过程中的重要环节,从而被司马迁赋予了特殊的历史意义。It is recorded in the“Annals of the First Emperor of Qin”of Record of the Grand Historian that the First Emperor vented his anger on deity of the Xiang River for the strong wind he met when crossing the Xiang River,then ordered to make the mountain clear-cut.But according to laws on Yuelu bamboo slips of Qin,the First Emperor issued edict to protect trees on and around Mount Xiang.Such contradiction might be caused by restriction relation between the virtue of earth of Emperor Shun and the virtue of water of Qin dynasty that Sima Qian constructed on the basis of another historical source.The theory of Five Elements Circulation advocated by Zou Yan had made a profound impact on Sima Qian’s historical idea and writing.The Records of the Grand Historian started from the Yellow Emperor belonged to the virtue of earth and ended in the reign of Taichu when the Han court formally promulgated the system of earth virtue.If the Qin dynasty collapsed because of the rise of the virtue of earth,that could act as both the historical basis for the virtue of earth of the Han dynasty and a vital link in the circulating process of Five Elements,then the point was given special historical significance by Sima Qian.

关 键 词：秦始皇 五德终始说 司马迁 《史记》 岳麓秦简 

分 类 号：I20[文学—中国文学]