谋求平衡:早期汉传佛教中的女性和女性形象  

Striking a Balance:Women and Images of Women in Early Chinese Buddhism

作　　者： 张简妮(译) Nancy Schuster;Zhang Jianni(Translator)(不详;School of Philosophy,Zhejiang University)

机构地区：[1]不详 [2]浙江大学哲学学院

出　　处：《普陀学刊》2024年第1期301-318,331,共19页

摘　　要：佛教在公元前后传入中国,但直到3世纪下半叶才引起中国人的广泛兴趣。从3世纪末至5世纪,卷帙浩繁的佛教典籍在外国和中国本土僧人的介绍和翻译下源源不断地涌入中国。在这些典籍中,《法华经》《维摩诘经》等著名且影响深远的经典传达了积极正面的女性形象以及男女平等的大乘佛教观点,并塑造了中国佛教界平等主义的态度。尽管一些由克什米尔传入的禅修指南中存在着明显厌恶女性的言论,并可能影响了一些人,但其影响远远小于更著名的《法华经》《维摩诘经》等。论及现实中的佛教女性,可资参考的史料极少,其中释宝唱的《比丘尼传》是一份重要的文献。《比丘尼传》中记载的比丘尼大多博学多闻、精通佛法,且在当时有极强的社会影响力和政治影响力。毋庸置疑,比丘尼教团为中古早期的女性提供了一条儒家传统之外的生活道路,她们可以生活在自己选择的独立生活中,可以因自身的成就而受到赞赏。尽管比丘尼教团在4至5世纪蓬勃发展,但它的发展是辉煌而短暂的。6世纪以后,佛教妇女作为一个群体,再也没有如此大的影响力了。Buddhism was brought to China around the beginning of the Common Era,but it was not until the second half of the third century that it aroused widespread interest in China.From the end of the third century to the fifth century,huge loads of scriptures poured into China under the introduction and translation of foreign missionaries and native Chinese Buddhists.In these scriptures,famous and far-reaching sutras such as The Lotus Sutra and VimalakirtinirdesaSutra conveyed positive images of women and Mahayana Buddhism's view of equality between men and women,and shaped egalitarian attitude of Chinese Buddhism.Although there were obvious misogynistic remarks in some meditation manuals introduced from Kashmir,which may have influenced some people,their impact was far less than the more famous ones such as The Lotus Sutraand and VimalakirtinirdesaSutra.There are very few historical materials that can be referenced when talking about the Buddhist women in reality,among which the Bhikshuni Biographies by the Venerable Baochang is an important document.Most of the nuns recorded in the Bhikshuni Biographies were erudite and proficient in Buddhism,and had strong social and political influence at that time.There is no doubt that the bhikshunis’order provided a way of life outside of the Confucian tradition for women in early medieval China.They could live independent lives which they had chosen,and be appreciated for what they had accomplished.Although the bhikshunis’order flourished in the fourth and fifth centuries,its development was brilliant but brief.After the sixth century,Buddhist women as a group were never of such consequence again.

关 键 词：汉传佛教 比丘尼 女性 中古 早期中国 

分 类 号：B946[哲学宗教—宗教学]