儿童工作记忆训练效果之争与未来方向  

The Effectiveness of Working Memory Training for Children:Debate and Future Directions

作　　者：孙玖陌 陆逸伦 王广海 郝秀荣 张听雨 刘洁琼 蔡丹[4] 江帆[2,3] Sun Jiumo;Lu Yilun;Wang Guanghai;Hao Xiurong;Zhang Tingyu;Liu Jieqiong;Cai Dan;Jiang Fan(Shanghai Mental Health Center,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,Shanghai,200030;Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,Shanghai Children's Medical Center,School of Medicine,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,200127;Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology,Shanghai,200127;School of Psychology,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai,200234)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心,上海200030 [2]上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心发育行为儿科,上海200127 [3]上海脑科学与类脑研究中心,上海200127 [4]上海师范大学心理学院,上海200234

出　　处：《心理科学》2025年第2期371-381,共11页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金委员会(U23A20170,82071493,32471113);上海市高水平地方高校建设创新团队:脑认知原理解析(SHSMU-ZDCX20211900);上海交通大学医学院高水平创新团队:社交障碍的神经机制及其干预策略(SHSMU-ZDCX20211100);上海市卫生健康委2020年“生命早期健康与疾病”协同创新集群项目(2020CXJQ01);上海市浦江人才计划(22PJC074)的资助。

摘　　要：工作记忆是对信息进行暂时加工和贮存、容量有限的记忆系统,对儿童的复杂认知和行为表现有重要的决定作用。近年来,儿童工作记忆训练的研究和实践逐渐增多,但工作记忆能否通过训练得以提升,进而改善儿童其他能力还存在巨大争议。系统综述有关研究发现,在典型发育儿童中工作记忆训练产生了近迁移效应,但远迁移效应微弱且结果不一,且效应大小受任务相似性调节。在注意缺陷多动障碍为主的神经发育障碍儿童中,工作记忆训练产生了近迁移效应和特定认知能力上的远迁移效应,但对症状改善的效果有限且不稳定。研究设计与个体差异可能是工作记忆训练效果的重要调节因素。研究为儿童工作记忆训练的未来研究和应用指明了重点人群及努力方向。Working memory(WM)is a limited-capacity memory system responsible for temporarily holding and processing of information.It is a crucial determinant of children's performance in higher order cognitive functions.While working memory develops naturally as children grow older,researchers and clinicians are increasingly interested in whether working memory can be enhanced through training,thereby improving intelligence and daily functioning.The effects of training can be categorized into near transfer and far transfer.With the growing number of relevant studies,the transferability of working memory training in children—particularly far transfer—has become a topic of controversy.In this study,we reviewed the effects of working memory training in typically developing children and those with neurodevelopmental disorders by synthesizing findings from existing studies.In typically developing children,working memory training was found to produce small to moderate near transfer effects.Evidence for far transfer remains minimal.Although some randomized controlled trials suggest that such training may have positive effects on intelligence and academic performance,meta-analyses indicate that these effects are primarily short-term and limited,largely confined to tasks directly related to the training.However,recent studies suggest that if relevant influencing factors are reasonably controlled or if stratified training is conducted based on the characteristics of typically developing children,such as their initial working memory levels,the potential for improving far transfer effects warrants further exploration.Transfer is influenced by the relationship between the training task and the target task;when the two differ significantly,transfer becomes difficult to observe.Moreover,individual differences such as motivation,initial working memory,and other ability levels cannot be ignored when considering their impact on far transfer effects.For children with neurodevelopmental disorders,particularly attention deficit hyperactivi

关 键 词：工作记忆训练 典型发育儿童 迁移 注意缺陷多动障碍 

分 类 号：B844[哲学宗教—发展与教育心理学]