论以物抵债的法律构造  

On the Legal Structure of Debt-in-Kind

作　　者：高圣平[1,2] Gao Shengping

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院 [2]中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心

出　　处：《法商研究》2025年第2期3-21,共19页Studies in Law and Business

基　　金：国家社会科学基金资助项目(22BFX071)。

摘　　要：作为描述性概念,以物抵债是当事人以原定给付之外的财产用于清偿债务的行为类型。依交易目的的不同,以物抵债存在替代清偿功能与担保功能的区分。替代清偿型以物抵债协议的成立并不当然消灭原定给付,抵债人不履行新给付的,债权人享有恢复履行原定给付或者主张违约责任的选择权。此外,人民法院作出的确认以物抵债协议的裁定书、以物抵债调解书,并不导致抵债财产所有权的转移,但在执行程序中作出的以物抵债裁定书将导致抵债财产所有权的转移。担保型以物抵债本质上属于非典型担保,债权人可对抵债财产拍卖、变卖、折价以实现债权,在完成财产权利转移的公示的情形之下,适用让与担保规则。在现行法下,预告登记应是有效公示手段。As a descriptive concept, debt-in-kind refers to a type of conduct in which the parties use property other than the original payment to satisfy a debt. Depending on the transaction's intent, there exist two types of debt-in-kind: the substitute satisfaction function and the security function. The establishment of an agreement for substituting a liquidated debt does not automatically extinguish the original obligation;should the debtor fail to fulfill this new payment, the creditor retains the right to either revert to enforcing the original payment or pursue a claim for breach of contract. Furthermore, the People's Court ruling on the confirmation of the debt-in-kind agreement or the debt-in-kind conciliation letter does not effectuate the transfer of ownership of the property in favor of the creditor, but the decision regarding debt-in-kind issued in the course of the enforcement proceedings will result in the transfer of ownership of the property subject to the debt. The security debt-in-kind essentially constitutes an atypical form of security, where the creditor may auction, sell or discount the property to realize the claim, and the rules of transfer security apply in the event of the completion of the publicity of the transfer of the property right. Under the current law, advance registration serves as an effective means of publicity.

关 键 词：以物抵债 物权变动 让与担保 非典型担保 预告登记 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]