“有”和“have”的语义演变与语法化对比分析  

A Contrastive Analysis of “ You ” (有) and “Have” onSemantic Change and Grammaticalization

作　　者：吴守仁 WU Shouren(School of Foreign Languages,Shaoyang University,Shaoyang 422000,China;College of Liberal Arts,Hunan Normal University,Changsha 410081,China)

机构地区：[1]邵阳学院外国语学院,湖南邵阳422000 [2]湖南师范大学文学院,湖南长沙410081

出　　处：《邵阳学院学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期82-88,共7页Journal of Shaoyang University:Social Science Edition

基　　金：湖南省社科基金外语科研联合项目“英汉对比视角下汉语无标记因果句研究”(21WLH27);湖南省教育厅资助科研项目“互动语言学视角下的助词‘的话’研究”(23C0275);邵阳市社科成果评审委员会课题“英汉言说动词‘say’和‘说’的对比研究”(24YBB13)。

摘　　要：基于汉英对比视角,从语义、语法化方面探寻“有”和“have”的共性、差异及原因。研究发现,“有”和“have”的语义演变均基于其存在义,隐喻机制在二者的语义演变中起了重要作用;表存在和领有时,两者的主客观性存在差异,汉语主客统一,而英语倾向主客分立;汉语“有”在构建概念时注重结果,而英语“have”则更注重过程,强调事件的经历者即事件的领有者,概念构建方式的不同导致两者语义有所差异;在语法化过程中,“有”因对称机制和类推而虚化,“have”则依赖于重新分析和类推。在“有/have VP”结构中,“有”的弱强制性、低频率及动词性遗留表明“有”的语法化程度低于“have”。Based on the contrastive perspective of Chinese and English,this study investigates the commonalities,differences,and underlying factors between the Chinese verb“you”(有)and the English verb“have”from semantic and grammatical perspectives.It reveals that the semantic evolution of both verbs is fundamentally linked to their existential meanings,with metaphorical mechanisms playing a crucial role in this change.A significant distinction exists in how existence and possession are expressed,with Chinese demonstrating a subject-object unity,while English reflects a subject-object dichotomy.The verb“you”(有)in Chinese emphasizes the outcome of possession,whereas“have”in English focuses on the process,indicating that the experiencer is also the possessor.These divergent conceptual constructions contribute to differing meanings in each verb.Regarding grammaticalization,“you”(有)evolves through symmetric mechanisms and analogy,while“have”changes due to reanalysis and analogy.The construction of“you(有)/have VP”highlights that the weak compulsion,lower frequency,and verbal residue of“you”(有)indicate a lower degree of grammaticalization compared to“have”.

关 键 词：有 HAVE 语义对比 语法化 

分 类 号：H314[语言文字—英语]