试析孔子“因材施教”的理论依据  

Theoretical Basis of Confucius Theory of “Teaching Students according to Their Aptitude”: An Analysis

作　　者：闫广芬[1] 李忠[2] 

机构地区：[1]河北大学研究生学院 [2]河北大学教育科学学院,河北保定071002

出　　处：《教育研究》2003年第8期73-77,共5页Educational Research

摘　　要：以孔子“中庸”之道 ,解析其“唯上智与下愚不移”之说 ,上智、下愚既是其“中庸”思想的具体体现 ,又与其“性相近 ,习相远”的命题、有教无类等主张相辉映 ,共同构成“因材施教”的认识基础 ,即对人的差异性的体认和尊重。但是 ,认识和承认人的差异性 ,还不足以实施“因材施教”,必须有“仁”爱精神。正是认识到人的客观差异性 ,并与主观的“仁”爱精神相结合 ,才形成了孔子实施“因材施教”的理论依据。To analyze Confucius theory of “the highest are the wise and the lowest are the stupid” with his “Doctrine of the Mean”, it can be seen that the former is not only the concrete reflection of the latter, but also relevant to Confucius' viewpoints of “Men are born about the same, but habits make them differ” and “making no social distinctions in teaching”. All the above doctrines constitute the epistemological basis of the practice of “teaching students according to their aptitude”, i. e. the divergence among students is respected. However, the understanding and acknowledgement of the divergence among students is not enough for the implementation of the principle of “teaching students according to their aptitude”, and the spirit of “benevolence” is also required. It is the proper combination of the recognition of the objective divergence among people and the subjective spirit of “benevolence” that forms the theoretical basis of Confucius' principle of “teaching students according to their aptitude”.

关 键 词：孔子 因材施教 理论依据 “仁”爱精神 个体差异 教学原则 

分 类 号：G420[文化科学—课程与教学论]