the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40206010);the National Key Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. G2000078503);the Young People Marine Science Foundation of State Oceanic Administration (Grant No. 2002316);the Open Foundation of State Key Labora-tory for Mineral Deposit Research at Nanjing University
Ferromanganese crusts (hereinafter crusts) form in aerobic environment and the environmental oxida-tion degree is recorded by the redox sensitive element Co in the crusts. The ages of the layers from the surface to bo...