We thank Dr Yulong Li for critical discussion and Dr Zhijian J Chen for human cGAS expression vector and helpful technical assistance. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31025010, 31230023, 81171640 and 91129000), and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (2011CB911103 and 2014CB542600).
Cyclic dinucleotides act as intracellular second messengers, modulating a variety of cellular activities including innate immune activation. Although phosphodiesterases (PDEs) hydrolyzing c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP have ...