This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81172432, 81302223, 81671449, and 81471449), the Guangdong Province Natural Science Foundation (No. 2015A030313141 and 2015A030313013), the Scientific and Technical Project of Guangdong Province (No. 2016B030230001, 2013B051000021, 2016A040403113, 2016A020214004, and 2016A020218007), and the Scientific and Technical Project of Guangzhou city (No. 2013J4500010 and 201604020189).
Microsurgical longitudinal intussusception vasoepididymostomy (LIVE) has been widely used to treat epididymal obstructive azoospermia since 2004. Although the deferential vasculature plays an important role in suppl...