Our study was supported by the grants of the National Science Centre,Poland No.2016/21/B/NZ8/00418 and 2020/39/D/NZ8/01226.
Assessment of individual costs of the anti-predator defence translating into changes in population parameters is meagre.This is because prey responses are likely to be modulated by additional factors,commonly present ...
National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos 30860044,31472013,and 31772453).D.S.M.S was supported by Coordenaqao de Aperfeiqoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior.
Camouflage is widespread throughout the animal kingdom allowing individuals to avoid detection and hence save time and energy rather than escape from an approaching predator.Thus,camouflage is likely to have co-evolve...
1 Introduction The study of anti-predator coloration and behaviour has a long and rich history in biology. It has from the very outset of Darwin's theory of natural selection provided numerous areas to test mechanis...
Although it is well known that birds can assess predation risk through visual and auditory cues, there has been little research into whether similar processes occur with olfactory cues. We examined the role of odor cu...
Animals can avoid predation by masquerading as objects that are not food to their predators. Alder moth Acronicta alni larvae go through an impressive ontogenetic change from masquerade to highly conspicuous appearanc...