The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13238-016-0247-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) (No. 2012CB966303), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81330030, 91319309, and 31271371), the Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province (Grant 2012HA013), the Yunnan Basic Research Projects (Grant 2014FC004), and the Doctoral Tutor of Education Department of Shanghai, China (Grant 20130072110021 ), grants from NASAD: BRN & BEHV RES FND 23072, NIH R21:IR21NS095184-01 and finally, a fellowship from China Scholarship Council to X. -Y.C.
The mammalian brain is heterogeneous, containing billions of neurons and trillions of synapses forming vari- ous neural circuitries, through which sense, movement, thought, and emotion arise. The cellular heterogeneit...