短跑运动控制的生物力学分析  

Biomechanical Analysis on Movement Control during Sprint Running

作　　者：魏书涛[1] 刘宇[1] 傅维杰[1] 李庆[2] 钟运健[1] 

机构地区：[1]上海体育学院运动科学学院,上海200438 [2]清华大学体育部,北京100084

出　　处：《体育科学》2010年第9期37-43,共7页China Sport Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(30871210);上海科委项目(08490512700);上海市"东方学者基金"资助项目

摘　　要：目的:通过建立短跑最高速阶段下肢的生物力学模型,探讨短跑运动下肢肌肉在多关节运动中协调、控制功能的生物力学机制,为短跑技术分析、技术最佳化提供依据。方法:使用三维红外高速摄像系统(300 Hz)、三维测力台(1 200 Hz)采集8名高水平短跑运动员在塑胶跑道上全力跑动时的数据。使用环节互动动力学分析短跑最高速时一个步态周期的运动学、动力学数据。研究结果:1)触地初期,地面反作用力通过膝关节和髋关节前方,在膝、髋关节处产生伸膝、屈髋力矩的外力矩(EXF),此时肌肉力矩(MUS)的主要作用是对抗地面反作用力产生的外力矩(EXF)。此时,膝、髋关节处最大MUS分别为203.40±93.60Nm和455.24±198.72 Nm;蹬伸末期,在髋关节处出现较大的由大腿加速度和髋线加速度产生的惯性力矩(INT),在离地后小腿后摆运动中起到积极作用;2)摆动初期,小腿的后摆主要是惯性力矩引起的;摆动末期肌肉力矩(MUS)与惯性力据(INT)出现最大值,膝关节处为249.32±38.81 Nm、194.01±30.90 Nm,髋关节处为650.81±101.06 Nm、410.80±78.67 Nm。结论:支撑期,肌肉力矩(MUS)和地面反作用力产生的外力矩(EXF)是主要控制下肢运动的主要力矩。支撑末期,大腿加速度及髋线加速度在髋关节处产生较大的惯性力矩(INT),为离地后小腿的积极后摆提供帮助;腾空期,摆动腿的运动主要受肌肉力矩(MUS)和惯性力矩(INT)控制,其中,惯性力矩(INT)主要由小腿的角加速度产生的,两力矩相互作用,以控制与完成下肢的目标动作。The purpose of this study was to analyze the movement control of the lower extremity by using biomechanical model during sprint running and provide the basis for technical analysis and optimization of sprint running.Methods：Three-dimensional video graphic and ground reaction force（GRF） data were collected from 8 outstanding male sprint runners performing sprint running at their maximum effort.The inter-segmental dynamics was quantified and the kinematics,the ground reaction force were analyzed during a running gait cycle of the maximal speed phase in sprinting.Results：During the initial stage of stance phase,the ground reaction force passes through in front of knee and hip joint,produces a knee extension torque and hip flexion torque.To counteract the torque of GRF,the hamstring muscle contracted and produced a flexion torque at knee（203.40±93.60Nm） and an extension torque at hip（455.24±198.72 Nm）.At the hip joint,The INT due to thigh angular acceleration and hip velocity has contributions to back swing of leg during later stance phase.During initial swing phase,The INT due to leg and thigh angular acceleration and hip acceleration has contributions to back swing of leg.The MUS and the INT are the dominating torques and their maximal values were 249.32±38.81Nm,194.01±30.90Nm at knee joint and 650.81±101.06Nm,410.80±78.67Nm at hip joint respectively during later swing.Conclusions：During stance phase,the muscle torques and the ground reaction torques are the main torques that tends to counteract each other for controlling the movement.The INT due to thigh angular acceleration and hip velocity has contributions to back swing of leg during later stance phase.During swing phase,segment movement is controlled mainly by active muscle torques and motion-dependent torques（due to leg angular acceleration）,and their functions were opposite and canceled out.

关 键 词：环节互动动力学 运动控制 关节力矩 短跑 

分 类 号：G804.6[文化科学—运动人体科学]