试论子思遗说  

Reexamining the Philosophy of Zisi

作　　者：郑吉雄[1] 

机构地区：[1]香港教育学院

出　　处：《文史哲》2013年第2期63-79,166,共17页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：子思将西周政治理论的"天命论"转释为人性根源,并标举"中和说"以将"情感"与"德目"相联系,儒家学说遂能推极于自然而归本于人事。"五行论"则以《礼记·表记》为坐标,知子思以水火土比附于父母,但尚未有严格之"五行即五常"的思想。"仁义内外之说"可藉《中庸》以窥子思"成、诚"尽性的学说,确立人性美善并得自然扩充、内外一贯、本末终始的体系,铺陈出严密的、动态的、内外相拓复相制约的人性论,为孟子性善之说,奠立了重要基础。20世纪初,王国维提出"二重证据法",影响深远。近世学术界治古文字学及古文献学的学者,藉此方法获得不少新结论。然而,研究简帛佚籍之中的思想史问题时,因涉及抽象观念的分析、思想体系的比较,以及思想流派的发展等三方面的问题,并非简单标举"以地下之新材料补正纸上之旧材料"一语即可,"二重证据法"能有多少效用就值得怀疑。若先就传世文献及思想史发展之大势考察子思的遗说,再一一检视出土简帛文献的内容,将可以更为慎重、精准地重新勾勒先秦儒家思想谱系。Zisi reinterpreted the Western-Zhou theory of'Mandate of Heaven'as the origin of human nature,and upheld the theory of'equilibrium'to associate emotion with virtue,thus the Confucian doctrines were extended to include[a discussion of]Nature and eventually returned to human affairs.And the theory of'five cardinal relationships'took the'Biao Ji'chapter in The Book of Rites as the coordinate,comparing water,fire,and earth to father and mother,but Zisi had not yet formed the strict thought of'equating the five elements[in Nature]with the five cardinal relationships'.Through Zisi's theory of'self-completion and sincerity'in the Doctrine of the Mean,the thought of'benevolence within and righteousness without'could lead to the establishment of a naturally extended,internally and externally consistent,rigorous,dynamic system on the beauty and goodness of human nature,thus laying an important foundation for Mencius'theory of original goodness of human nature.In the early 20th century,Wang Guowei put forward the far-reaching method of'dual evidences',through which modern scholars have gained many new conclusions in classical philology.However,when dealing with the problems in the history of thoughts,we cannot simply advocate'supplementing and correcting the old materials in traditional canonical texts with newly excavated texts',because it involves three problems:analyses of abstract concepts,comparisons between various systems of ideas,and the development of schools of thoughts.If we first examine the philosophy of Zisi through traditional texts and the general trend of the history of ideas,and then explore all the excavated texts,the pedigree of Confucian thoughts of the pre-Qin times will be rebuilt more deliberately and precisely.

关 键 词：子思 《礼记》 郭店楚简 天命论 中和说 五行论 

分 类 号：B222.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]