蓝藻胞外多糖的生态学意义及其工业应用  

Ecological significance and industrial application of extracellular polysaccharides from cyanobacteria: A review

作　　者：任欣欣[1] 姜昊[1,2] 冷欣[1] 安树青[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学生命科学学院,南京210093 [2]中国水电顾问集团华东勘测设计研究院,杭州310014

出　　处：《生态学杂志》2013年第3期762-771,共10页Chinese Journal of Ecology

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(2008CB418004)资助

摘　　要：蓝藻能够合成胞外多糖并释放到细胞外围及周围环境中,这是其为适应复杂多变的环境而进化出的一种适应性机制。作为细胞与外界环境之间的保护性屏障,蓝藻胞外多糖可以起到抵抗干旱、紫外辐射、生物矿化和原生动物捕食等功能。蓝藻胞外多糖是一种酸性杂多糖,超过75%的多糖由6种以上单糖组成,葡萄糖是出现频率最高的单糖。胞外多糖的性质因种而异,多数蓝藻的胞外多糖呈现阴离子特性,这主要是由于糖醛酸和硫酸基团等带电基团的存在,硫酸基团同时也是多糖呈抗病毒特性的基础,而乙酰基团、缩氨酸部分及脱氧糖等疏水基团的存在使多糖呈乳化特性。因此,蓝藻胞外多糖在食品、化妆品、制药、污水处理等行业有广阔的应用前景。蓝藻胞外多糖的工业应用不仅能将水华蓝藻资源化,创造可观的经济效益,也能解决打捞蓝藻处置难题,避免随意堆放造成的二次污染。但截至目前,仍没有蓝藻胞外多糖类产品出现,理论研究与大批量工业生产之间仍然有很多技术性问题亟待解决。Cyanobacteria can produce extraeellular polysaccharides （EPS） and release them to the environment, which is one of the adaptive mechanisms of cyanobacteria evolved to face com- plicated and variable environment. As a protective barrier between cell and environment, the EPS play a protective role against desiccation, ultraviolet radiation, bio-mineralization, or preda- tion by protozoans. The EPS produced by cyanobacteria are a kind of complex anionic heteropoly- mer polysaccharides, more than 75% of which are composed of six or more monosaccharaides. Glucose is the most frequent kind of monosaccharaides. The characteristics of the EPS vary with cyanobacterial species. Most of the EPS show an anionic feature due to the charged groups, such as uronic acid and sulfate groups. Sulfate group is the basis of the anti-viral properties of polysac- charides, while hydrophobic groups such as ester-linked acetyl groups, peptides moieties, and deoxy sugars contribute to emulsifying properties. Therefore, the EPS produced by cyanobacteria have a broad application prospect in many industries, such as food additives, cosmetology, phar- macology, and wastewater treatment. The industrial application of the EPS can not only reuse the cyanobacteria bloom, bringing considerable economic benefits, but also provide a solution to the salvaging cyanobacteria distribution problem, avoiding its secondary pollution. Until now, there is no commodity from cyanobacterial EPS, and many technical problems are needed to be solved between the theoretical study and large batch industrial production.

关 键 词：胞外多糖 可溶性多糖 生态意义 

分 类 号：X173[环境科学与工程—环境科学]