卢梭教育理论对我国学校体育发展的影响与启示  

The Influence and Revelation of Rousseau's Educational Theory on China's School Physical Education

作　　者：邵伟德[1] 田法宾 吴维铭[1] 李启迪[1] 胡建华[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学学校体育研究所,金华321004

出　　处：《体育与科学》2013年第5期35-40,共6页Sports & Science

基　　金：国家社科基金课题项目"近代以来国外教育理论对中国学校体育的影响研究"阶段性成果;项目号:12BTY031

摘　　要：文章在综合卢梭教育理论对中国学校体育影响的前期研究基础上,对卢梭的体育哲学观与学校体育观进行了深入探讨,并认为:卢梭学校体育观的主线是"自然本能论",也就是说,人类的本能是自然给予的,但社会环境却使人类的自然本能退化了,而体育是防止人类本能退化的重要途径。其中卢梭的"自然"并不是简单指向大自然,也不是纯粹意义上的远离城市的乡村,而是直接指向了人与生俱来的本能与人心的返璞归真。其次,认为不宜把卢梭的体育思想归纳为"自然体育"或"自然主义体育"思想,否则容易与美国威廉士的"自然体育"产生混淆。第三,卢梭根据青少年自然发展规律提出了身体先于精神发展的学校体育观。第四,解放人为枷锁,回归大自然才能练就最好的本领等。在从此基础上提出了卢梭教育理论对我国学校体育改革与发展的启示:区别卢梭自然本能论与威廉士的自然体育;重申儿童身体教育在身心全面发展中的特殊意义;结合大自然资源进行体育锻炼;控欲节食对现代青少年身心健康具有重要作用,通过运动可以增加人体抵抗力、培养意志力、减少对医院的依赖。On the basis of initial research of generalizing the influence of Rousseau ’s educational theory on China’s school physical education ,this paper makes a deep probe into Rousseau’s phil-osophical idea of physical education and school physical education outlook and it is believed that the principal line of Rousseau’s school physical education outlook is “natural instinct theory” , that is ,the human instinct is given by nature but social circumstances can degrade human’s natural instinct ,while physical education is an important means to avoid the degradation of human instinct .The word“nature” used by Rousseau here does not simply refer to the natural world or the countryside far away from cities in pure sense ,but directly leads to the born human instinct and simplicity of human mind .Secondly ,it is not preferable to summarize Rousseau’s idea about physical education into the idea of “natural physical education” or “naturalism physical education” ,or else it would easily get confused with natural physical education brought up by Williams in the U .S .;thirdly ,Rousseau came up with the school physical education outlook of giving priority to physical development over spiritual development ;fourthly ,the best skills can be developed only by emancipating human-made chains and returning to nature ,etc .Based on the aforesaid ,this paper puts forward the revelations of Rousseau’s educational theory on the reform and development of China’s school physical education ：distinguish Rousseau’s natural instinct theory from Williams’ natural physical education ;reiterate the special significance of children ’s physical education in their overall development of both body and mind ;combine the resources in nature with P .E .exercises ;restricting the desire and diet plays an important role for body and mind health of youngsters in modern times and doing sports may enhance the immunity of human body , cultivate a person’s strong will and lessen his/her dependence on hospital .

关 键 词：卢梭 本能 自然 学校体育 

分 类 号：G807[文化科学—体育训练]