知识经验与顿悟:来自认知神经科学的证据  

Prior Knowledge and Insight Problem Solving: A Comment from the Perspective of Cognitive Neuroscience

作　　者：黄福荣 江燕 唐爽 Huang Furong;Jiang Yan;Tang Shuang(School of Psychology,Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang,330022)

机构地区：[1]江西师范大学心理学院,南昌330022

出　　处：《心理科学》2018年第6期1339-1344,共6页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31700956);中国博士后科学基金(2018M632598;2018T110657);江西省自然科学基金(20181BAB214010);江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目的资助

摘　　要：知识经验对于顿悟问题解决是一把双刃剑,强势知识会阻碍顿悟问题解决,弱势知识才是顿悟问题解决的关键。强势知识引导的组块效应、约束效应和固着效应等心理定势现象,"帮助"问题解决者以惯用方案来理解、思考和解决问题。之所以会这样,可能是因为大脑内存在一套具有优先级差的层级加工系统,赋予惯用方案的优先级最高。不过,惯用方案不仅不能够解决顿悟问题,而且还会通过注意竞争来阻碍新异方案的探索和执行,所以,问题解决者往往都会进入思维僵局。僵局的打破和顿悟的实现,需要抑制住强势知识及其相关的惯用方案、激活弱势知识和新异方案,这违反了大脑的认知加工惯性,是很难以自发发生的。但是,可以通过激活扩散来增强弱势知识的激活水平,或者是拓宽注意范围、提高注意灵活性来增加弱势知识激活的可能性,从而促进顿悟问题解决。Insights are usually the result of the re-organization or re-structuring of the elements in a problem situation. In the process of insight problem solving, advantaged knowledge related to previous experience may mislead the initial problem representation construction, so that the problem solvers always reach an impasse. The only way to break such impasses and to get insights is to re-structure the initial representation by inhibiting the advantaged knowledge and re-activating the disadvantaged knowledge. Pre-existing knowledge and experience are both the basis and the resistance of insight problem solving behaviors.Particularly, advantaged knowledge "helps" problem solvers understand, think and solve problems with familiar path and construct incorrect problem representation, chunking effects for example, mislead the initial state of problem space; Constraint effects mislead the target state of problem space; Functional fixed effects prevent correct operator identification. All these effects belong to the mental set, which generally refers to the human brain’s tendency to stick to a familiar solution and stubbornly ignore any alternatives. The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying these mental set effects are that there might be a hierarchical processing model in the brain, which gives higher priority to the familiar path of perception that deliberates and solves problem over novel ones. The familiar solution path with higher priority is likely to come into mind first and bias the attention toward information relevant to it and away from those which are not. The search for a solution becomes self-fulfilling. Even if the familiar solution is disabled to solve the current problem, the brain may lose ability to identify its errors or abandon it. Thus, the familiar solution not only has the possibility to reduce the exploration tendency of alternative solutions but is also likely to increase the difficulty of operating alternatives, because it may continuously compete for attention with alternatives throughout the wh

关 键 词：顿悟 心理定势 知识经验 注意竞争 认知失灵 

分 类 号：B842.1[哲学宗教—基础心理学]