5～13岁儿童对物种起源认知的发展  

Cognitive Development on the Origins of Species of Children Aged Five to Thirteen

作　　者：刘黎[1,2] 朱莉琪[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院心理研究所行为科学重点实验室,北京100101 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《心理科学》2014年第6期1366-1371,共6页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：中科院重点部署项目(KJZD-EW-L04);Templeton World Charity Foundation;国家自然科学基金(31070917)的资助

摘　　要：本研究采用临床访谈法，采用开放式和封闭式问题情境，测查了5—13岁儿童对物种起源认知的发展。结果显示儿童对物种起源的解释越来越符合科学的解释，这种认知发展过程并不是以一种起源认知替代另一种起源认知的过程，而是多种起源认知以某种方式共存于儿童的认知系统中。本研究结果既显示了儿童对物种起源认知发展的跨文化一致性，也体现了不同文化和宗教环境影响下的差异性。The origin of species is an important constituent part of science education of scientific biology and children＇s intuitive cognition on the origins of species is an essential component of naive biology. Previous researches have found that there were four types of explanations endorsed by western children when they considered the origins of species： Evolution, responses indicating that a species was transformed from another species without intentions; Creation, responses indicating that super natural agents such as God created or put a species on earth with intentions; Artificialism, responses indicating that human made or created a species with intentions; Spontaneous-generation, responses indicating natural origins for species which are proximate explanations without intentions （e.g. ＂emerged from the earth＂）. Among the four types of explanations, Evolution and Creation are explanations of ultimate causes and they contradict with each other; Artificialism, posed by Piaget, is a phenomenon that is common among young children; Spontaneous-generation is a proximate explanation that many young children endorsed. Most Chinese children are grown up in a environment with no religious beliefs. Whether or not their intuitive thoughts on the origins of species are different from their western counterparts is a question that worth exploring. The current research used in-depth interviewing method, employing open-ended and closed-ended questions respectively, to explore cognitive development on origins of species （animals and human-beings）. Children were from the third year in the kindergarten and first grade, second grade and fourth grade of primary school. The results of open-ended task showed that Chinese children had gone through shifts from mainly spontaneous-generational explanations to mixed spontaneous-genarational and evolutionary explanations and then to mainly evolutionary explanations; evolutionary explanations prevailed over other explanations among the children in fourth grade. What were consist

关 键 词：物种起源 朴素生物学理论 认知发展 多重解释系统 科学教育 

分 类 号：B842.1[哲学宗教—基础心理学]