人性的规训与献祭——儒家道德观的专制主义实质  

The Discipline and Sacrifice of Humanity:The Despotic Nature of Confucian Ethics

作　　者：李宪堂[1] 

机构地区：[1]南开大学历史学院

出　　处：《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》2015年第3期15-25,共11页Nankai Journal:Philosophy,Literature and Social Science Edition

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学规划基金项目(12YJA770024)

摘　　要：儒家道德律则的确立不是权利主体的自我立法、自我设准,而是人性对天道的投诚与献祭。儒家的道德君子通过对感性自我的剥夺筑起天道的祭坛,把自己变成阐释天道的符号化存在,又以天道的名义谋求把每个人都变成献祭的牺牲。通过系人性于天道,儒学在形而上层面宣布了民众的同质性,确立了君子圣人作为民众代表的资格,论证了神圣王权对社会大众进行类处理的依据。性善论论证的是"小人"被统摄的合理性,性恶论强调的则是"小人"被规训的必要性。儒学是王权主义政治思想武库里最有效力的装备,它所追求的"修德归道"实际上是向绝对者的主动投诚。The establishment of Confucian ethics was not the legislation and the setting up of criterion against the rights bodies, but humanity＇ s switch of allegiance and offering of sacrifice to the Way of Heaven. Confucian moralists, through depriving their emotional selves, established an altar for the worshiping of the Way of Heaven, made themselves into symbols interpreting the Way of Heaven, and managed to make every man into a sacrifice in the name of the Way of Heaven. By attaching humanity to the Way of Heaven, Confucianism proclaimed metaphysically the homogeneity of peo- ple, established moralists and saints as the delegates of people, and justified the very basis upon which divine kingship could regard all people as homogeneous type of existence. Theories that believe that human nature is good justify that bad people should be controlled, while theories that believe that human nature is evil hold that bad people should be dis- ciplined. Confucianism is the most effective weapon in the armory of despotic political thoughts. Its aim to ＂cultivate vir- tue and return to the way＂ is actually its sweating of allegiance to the absolutists.

关 键 词：儒学 道德观 人性论 专制主义 

分 类 号：B82-092[哲学宗教—伦理学]