良知与认知:在中西文脉比较中探讨  

Conscience and Cognition: Comparative Studies Between Chinese and Western Traditions

作　　者：张庆熊[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2015年第6期74-85,共12页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：孔学堂课题重大项目"中国传统文化与马克思主义中国化"(项目批准号:kxtzd201505)的资助

摘　　要：良知是中国文化传统中的核心观念。儒家内在的道德修养和外在的治国理政的思想路线,即"内圣外王",以良知为基石。在西方的文化传统中也有良知概念,但它在道德实践中只起辅助性的作用。良知在中西文化中的角色有如此大的差别之原因,除了中西文化对人性看法的差异之外,有关对良知的认识方式的差别也是重要原因。因此我们需要分别探讨经验主义、先验主义和儒家内证的认知方式所导致的对良知看法的差异。在中国哲学中,良知不是"小我"之心,而是"大我"的本心。良知要在道德伦理和社会实践中把自己向外推出来并实现自己。在西方思想中,良知也是一个非常重要的论题,但经验主义的认识方式往往认为良知无非是对某类行为倾向的概括,而以康德为代表的先验主义认为良知作为人的一种自然秉性能使人主动地置于道德律令之下。相比之下,近代中国新儒重视向内认识人的心灵,要认识宇宙的本体,必须返观人的本心,良知在这个过程中起着十分重要的作用。本文在上述比较研究的基础上,认为我们也需要反思良知判断中的主观性和客观性,在良知作为是非之心进行判断时,人们通常关注的是其主观的方面,而忽视其客观的方面,熊十力对此作出了很好的纠正;良知判断有普遍性与特殊性之分,因此我们要兼顾道德的普遍化原则和在各种特殊语境中的特殊处理;良知还具有主体际性,在这方面中国哲学给我们很多启示;最后,良知学说是与人性论联系在一起的,中国哲学中的"性善论"为我们提供了道德修养和道德教化的自信心,但也应注意人性的消极的方面。总之,中国的现代化进程中,良知学说对于建立和完善市场经济体系、社会保障体系和法治系统都具有重要意义。Conscience is the core concept in traditional Chinese culture. Conscience is regarded as cornerstone in Confucian thought route of inner moral accomplishment and external governing,namely ＂inside the saint outside the king＂. In the tradition of Western culture there is also the concept of conscience,but it plays only a supporting role in moral practice. Why conscience role has so much difference between Chinese and Western cultures,in addition to the different views of human nature between Chinese and Western cultures,it is caused also by different cognitive approaches. Therefore we need to respectively discuss the empirical,transcendental and Confucian intuitive ways of cognition,and their resulted conceptional differences about conscience. We also need to reflect on the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity,between universality and particularity in ethical judgment,and then to clarify the relationship between conscience and inter-subjectivity,and relationship between conscience and the doctrines of human nature.One of the most basic features of conscience is the sense of right and wrong. For the judgment of conscience,however,people usually focus on its subjective aspect,and ignore its objective aspects. Its subjective judgment is selfevident,and in this sense this kind of judgment is not wrong,i. e. a liar knew he shouldn＇t lie when he was lying.Objective aspect is not like this. A person might have made a mistake to what he should do objectively. For example,a kind-hearted woman may throw a battery into a river due to her lack of objective knowledge about environmental protection. Wang Yangming entirely attributed the conscience to subjective field,and claimed that heart is the principle. In my point of view,it is flawed,because in the judgment of conscience there are its objective factors in addition to its subjective factors. Xiong Shili,a Chinese modern Confucian scholar,had noticed this excessive claims and tried to corrected it. According to Xiong Shili,it is not wrong to maintain that

关 键 词：良知 儒家 人性 认知方式 主体际性 

分 类 号：B82-091[哲学宗教—伦理学]