综说佛教前期对婆罗门教优势之因素  

General Discussion of the Principal Reasons for the Attraction of Early Buddhism

作　　者：严耀中[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学文史研究院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2016年第1期86-93,共8页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

摘　　要：佛教作为一个新兴的宗教,使传统主宰着印度社会精神世界的婆罗门教黯然失色,在当时是具备了一些有利条件,以及佛教对其他宗教的内容采取扬弃吸收之态度,也构成了早期佛教对婆罗门教的优势。这些优势综合起来,大致可分为八个方面。一是具有复杂而有系统的、体现着创新观念的教义。其中,以因缘和合论为基础的无我与无灵魂观念,以及由俗谛和真谛合成的意识形态,都影响着印度与世界思想史的形式和走向。二是佛教的僧团组织及其作为纽带的戒律是佛教走向亚洲最重要的载体。同时,接纳妇女进入僧团则使婆罗门教相形见绌。三是作为一个历史人物,佛陀集思想、道德、组织权威于一身,在当时具有巨大的人格魅力,是当时婆罗门教所缺乏的。四是佛教对佛陀身前的敬仰在其涅槃后扩展到了对舍利等相关纪念物的崇拜,并就此形成寺庙和石窟,使它比婆罗门教更早地利用偶像崇拜来增进宗教感染力。五是佛教获得一些新兴的社会力量,包括王权,尤其是阿育王的支持。六是外来移民皈依了佛教,并成为它的传播者。七是略早于佛教的耆那教成了佛教反对宗教现状的同盟军。八是佛教的新思想是对婆罗门教观念扬弃的结果,后者的一些内容,从思想到神祗,又被佛教加以吸收和改造,成为佛教利用的一种资源。无需多说,上述八个因素相互交错,而且佛教所具有的优势是动态的,其具体情况都在变化之中。经过了最初几个世纪的辉煌后,佛教发现全新的充满活力的婆罗门教成了它的挑战者。This essay seeks to explain the main reasons for the spell that the Buddhist faith has held over its Indian followers during the first centuries of its evolution. The essay focuses upon the early stages of Buddhist history（ prior to the emergence of the Mahāyāna）. It points out the principal features of early Buddhism that might explain its success.It likewise offers a general analysis of the historical circumstances that favored the emergence of the new religion. The success of the Buddhist faith is analyzed by way of comparison to the dominant Brahmanism（ or ancient Hinduism）against which it had emerged.The essay compares the early Buddhist faith with its rival Brahmanic religion,focusing upon eight points that might offer to the clue to the former＇s success： 1. The elaborate,systematic and innovative Buddhist doctrine（ which had been geared to answer the problems of the period）,such as non-self or non-soul which according to the Pratityasamutpada（ according to the Buddha,there is no being,but only a ceaseless becoming）,and in an ideological form,both the two truths： Samvriti-satya and Paramartha-satya. 2. The significance of the Buddhist monastic organization,which has served as the principle vehicle for the religion＇s spread throughout Asia. Moreover,many women had become the members of the Sangha that had gotten more supporters for Buddhism. 3. The personal appeal,and didactic powers,of the historical Buddha. 4. The significance of the religious veneration of the Buddha,which in many respects had preceded- and had served as a model- to the cult of the Hindu gods. Here I pay particular attention to the cult of the Buddha＇s bodily remains,which was followed by the cult of his icons,and the emergence of the early Buddhist cave temples. 5. The patronage of the Buddhist faith by the ruling class in general,and by such kings as Ashoka in particular. 6. The patronage of the Buddhist faith by migrant people and foreign regimes in northwest India.7. The criticism of Brahmanism by the Jain

关 键 词：早期佛教 婆罗门教 优势 新条件 扬弃 

分 类 号：B948[哲学宗教—宗教学]