表见证明法则研究  

On Prima Facie Law

作　　者：张锰霖[1] 

机构地区：[1]四川大学(江安校区)法学院,成都双流县610200

出　　处：《贵州民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2015年第6期172-194,共23页Journal of Guizhou Minzu University:Philosophy and Social Science

摘　　要：表见证明,是证据法中最模糊不清的概念。关于表见证明的学说大致分为三类,第一类是证明评价说;第二类是证明责任倒置说;第三类是降低证明标准说。三种学说皆有可商榷之处。其本质乃转移具体的主观证明责任,是一种法律上的推定,无涉证明标准降低的问题。将表见证明法则用以证明因果关系的存在,是对该法则的错误适用;其所适用的对象是过错。表见证明属于法律上的推定,一旦当事人证明了损害结果与过错行为之间存在"高度盖然性",且对方未证明其他可能原因的现实存在,法官就必须认定行为人对于损害结果存在主观过错,从而转移具体的主观证明责任。表见证明法则实质上是通过逻辑推理,一方面,减少证明对象,以降低对特定证明对象的难度;另一方面,提高证明标准,以防止因降低证明难度而实质上改变了证明责任分配的规范意义。Prima facie （Anscheinbeweis） is the fuzziest notion in evidence law. The theories regard- ing prima facie can be generally divided into three types, namely, proof evaluation, re- sponsibility inversion, lowering of proof standards. It is argued that none of the three theo- ries is perfect due to their nature of transferring the specific subjective proof responsibili- ty, an assumption in law unrelated to the lowering of proof standards. If prima facie is ap- plied to prove whether there is a cause - effect relationship, it is a wrong application and its subjects are also wrong. In fact, the prima facie law aims at reducing the number of proof subjects and lowering the difficulty of given proof subjects through logical inference ; it also targets at improving the proof standards so as to prevent the misdistribution of proof responsibility because of the lowering of proof difficulty.

关 键 词：表见证明 过错 因果关系 高度盖然性 间接反证 

分 类 号：D915.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]