德国职前职业教育中的分化与融合  

Differentiation and Integration in the German initial VET System

作　　者：郑建萍[1] ZHENG Jianping(Institute for Technical and Vocational Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, Chin)

机构地区：[1]同济大学职业技术教育学院,上海201804

出　　处：《外国教育研究》2018年第3期49-62,共14页Studies in Foreign Education

摘　　要：21世纪以来,技术和社会变迁使德国职前职业教育的分化呈现三足鼎立之势:双元制已失去原绝对优势地位,全日制职校以及过渡系统比重日益提升。三个类型之间及其内部呈现明显而细致的职业分层及学生分化态势,高质量的职业教育资格保证了学生最基本的市场从业竞争力,但也对应着遴选和竞争。普职融通的系统设计提供了转换出口,普职和校职转换不是单一的线性路径。这些有利于提高职业教育质量和效率,也部分消解了普通教育尤其是高等教育与职业教育非此即彼的竞争态势,并在一定程度上弱化了分流早且细致的德国教育体制带来的社会阶层固化问题。然而,职教与普教分化与融合的方式和节点仍然是大挑战。The technological and social changes since 21. Century lead to a structure change in the German Initial Vocational Education：the dual system is losing it＇s dominant position,while school-based Vocational Education and the Transition System are becoming more important. There is clear differentiation between and in the three forms according to occupations and students. The high quality of German Vocational Education means not only good perspective on the work market but also high competition and selection in the entranceof apprentice ship. The links in the education system between general and vocational route,and between education and vocational world are systematic and multiple directive. All these together improves the quality and effectiveness of German Vocational Education,reduces the competition between General especially the High Education and Vocational Education,makes the early and high differentiated education division no longer that obstructive for social mobility. But the way and the timing of inclusion and exclusion between General and Vocational Education is still a serious challenge.

关 键 词：德国 职前职业教育 分化 双元制 全日制 过渡系统 普职融合 

分 类 号：G719.516[文化科学—职业技术教育学]