德国主体中学消亡现象探析  

Analysis on Abolition of the Hauptschule in Germany

作　　者：周海霞[1] ZHOU Haixia(German Department,Beijing Foreign Studies University,Beijing,100089,China)

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学德语系

出　　处：《全球教育展望》2018年第8期82-98,共17页Global Education

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(项目批准号:2017QZ007)

摘　　要：德国中等教育阶段曾经的基本学校类型之一主体中学,如今作为独立的学校类型已经濒临消亡,目前仅存于四分之一的德国联邦州中。主体中学的消亡是在德国基础教育体制改革的框架中发生的,其核心宗旨在于提升整体教育水平和改善教育不公平现象。主体中学的消亡有着多方面的社会动因,包括人口萎缩导致生源不足、人才资质要求提升、社会整体教育抱负提升、主体中学文凭价值流失、学校声誉差、国际教育调研促使德国反思其教育体制问题、政党教育主张差异等。主体中学已成"垃圾学校",主体中学学生也被边缘化。在双轨制改革框架下,各联邦州或取消主体中学,或将之与实科中学等合并成与文理中学具有等值地位的新学校类型。The Hauptschule has been. one of three basic types of German secondary school. But today the Hauptschule as an independent type of school is on the brink of extinction. It only exists in a quarter of German federal states. The abolition of the Hauptschule occurred within the framework of basic education system reform in Germany with the main aim of raising education standards and reducing inequality in education. There are many social factors leading to the gradual disappearance of the Hauptschule, including population decline and inadequate recruitment of Students, higher expectations on the qualifications of graduates, higher social aspirations for education, the declined value of the Hauptschule certificate, the poor reputation of the Hauptschule, self-reflection on the problems in German education system encouraged by international education research, and party differences on educational policies. Now the Hauptschule has become a scrap-heap school where students face stigmatization and marginalization. With the reform of education system, federal states either abolish the Hauptschnle or combine it with other schools like Realsehule to make it an equivalent to Gymnasium.

关 键 词：主体中学 双轨制 教育体制改革 德国中等教育阶段 教育不公平 

分 类 号：G639.516[文化科学—教育学]