机器人对劳动收入份额的影响研究——来自企业调查的微观证据  

The Impact of Robots on Labor Income Share: Evidence from an Enterprises Survey

作　　者：余玲铮[1] 魏下海[2] 吴春秀 Yu Lingzheng

机构地区：[1]华侨大学经济与金融学院 [2]华侨大学经济发展与改革研究院 [3]上海财经大学公共经济与管理学院

出　　处：《中国人口科学》2019年第4期114-125,128,共13页Chinese Journal of Population Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目“企业工会的收入分配效应及其对技术升级路径的影响研究:微观机制与实证检验”(编号:71873048)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：文章基于广东企业调查数据,考察了机器人应用如何重塑企业收入分配格局。研究发现:(1)在理论上,机器人作为一种偏向型技术进步的载体,当机器人与劳动是替代而非互补关系时,机器人应用将导致劳动收入份额下降。(2)问卷调查显示,企业的机器人使用率存在鲜明的特征差异,相比而言,出口企业、生命周期长、规模大、用工短缺、准备搬迁及非国有等企业的机器人使用率更高,这反映了劳动力市场变化和竞争环境是促进机器人使用的重要原因。(3)机器人所产生的增长效应不会均等地惠及所有要素,虽然机器人同时促进了工资率和劳动生产率的增长,但前者增长幅度不及后者,从而使劳动收入份额下降。只有当机器人与人力资本相匹配,才能更好地促进工资率和劳动生产率的增长。(4)异质性分析发现,在具有良好的劳动保护机制及国有集体企业中,机器人对劳动收入份额负面效应会有所减弱。Based on survey data collected from the enterprises of Guangdong province, this paper examines how robots reshape the income distribution of enterprises. The research results show that:(1) robots are, theoretically, considered as carriers of technological innovation. When robots and labor are substitutive rather than complementary, the application of automation leads to a lower labor share.(2) Questionnaire survey in fact shows that there are distinct differences in the use rate of robots in various kinds of enterprises. In comparison, export oriented, longer life cycle, larger scale, shortage of labor, considering relocation, and non-state-owned enterprises tend to have greater share of robots. This reflects labor market structure and competitive environment are main drivers for promoting the widespread use of robots.(3) The growth effects produced by robots do not equally benefit all elements. Even though robots promote wage growth and labor productivity, the former does not increase as much as that of the latter, resulting a lower share of labor income. Only when robots are matched with human capital does the use of robots lead to higher wage rate and greater labor productivity.(4) Heterogeneity analysis shows that in better labor protection and state-owned and collective enterprises, the negative impact of robot on labor income share is weakened.

关 键 词：机器人 劳动收入份额 劳动生产率 工资率 

分 类 号：F279.27[经济管理—企业管理] F272.92[经济管理—国民经济]