提升智慧水平:当代大学通识教育理念与路径选择  

Enhancing Students′ Wisdom: The Concept and Path Choice of General Education in Contemporary Universities

作　　者：龚放[1] GONG Fang

机构地区：[1]南京大学教育研究院,江苏南京210093

出　　处：《高教发展与评估》2020年第5期19-30,I0002,I0003,共14页Higher Education Development and Evaluation

摘　　要：满足个人生存发展的需要与满足所在社会生存发展的需要,是任何社会、任何国家高等教育的立身之本和不二法则。在世界高等教育发展的实际进程中,很难找到一个完全排斥“功用”、“不问西东”而纯粹只讲理想和理性的高等学校。需要反思和甄别的是,近代以来从中国的顾炎武到日本的福泽谕吉所倡导的“实学”,是不是顺应了社会发展需要和历史演变趋势的必然?大学教育强调“学以致用”究竟有没有错?需要纠正的,应该是过度注重“功用”“实用”和“效用”而产生的偏差与消极现象,不应当因为出现了这些问题就否定了“学以致用”的“人间正道”。孔夫子时代的“君子不器”和“修齐治平”之学,已经是“昔日黄花”,如果在21世纪的今天还试图用它们来指导教育实践,那就难免胶柱鼓瑟的迂腐和刻舟求剑的尴尬了!面对“百年未遇之变局”,当代大学所要培养的人才,正是弗莱克斯纳90年前所期待的“受过教育、能够运用所有智慧和以广博的视野处理所在时代不断变化之问题的人才”。我们在惊叹弗莱克斯纳穿越时空的远见卓识的同时,深感现行的“打补丁式”、区区20多个学分的通识课程已经难承其重。必须重新认识大学通识教育的使命与目标,必须重新设计和探索“提升智慧水平”的方法、形式和载体。当代大学通识教育需要重新整合、多管齐下:开设丰富多样的通识课程以避免认知的局限与片面,阅读中外经典以移情易性、知书达理,密切师生交往与交流以获得“不可言状的潜力”。值得警醒和反思的是,对人的发展特别是“智慧的提升”有根本影响和重大作用的“师生交往”,却始终未能进入大学通识教育研究者和实践者的视野。南京大学“悦读经典计划”已经实施十五年之久,为人们提供了一个多管齐下、“三慧(慧眼、慧识、The basic element of the higher education of any society and country is to satisfy the needs of personal and social development.It is hard to find a university which purely seeks rationality and idea,and completely excludes utility alongside the process of world higher education development.It is necessary to judge whether the so-called“practical learning”proposed by Chinese educator Gu Yanwu and Japanese educator Yuki Fukuzawa since modern times conforms with the needs of social development and the trends of historical transformation.Is it right or not for university education to emphasize“learning for practical uses”?It′s the bad things caused by the excessive emphasis on“utility”that needs to be corrected.It′s a mistake to deny the appropriateness of“learning for practical uses”merely because of some negative phenomena resulting from it.The pure pursuit for ideals of Confucius Age is outdated and can't be used to guide the educational practice of 21st century.Confronted with the so-called“rapid changes of the world never seen since a hundred years ago”,the talents cultivated by contemporary universities should be the ones as American educator Abraham Flexner described 90 years ago:“educated talents who could use all their wisdom and extensive perspectives to solve the ever-changing problems of their times”.As we admire the time-and-space penetrating far-sight of Flexner,we deeply perceive that the current general education curricula of a little more than 20 credits could hardly fulfill this profound task of talents'cultivation.We need to re-establish the missions and goals of university general education.We need to re-design and re-explore the methods to enhance students′wisdom.Contemporary general education needs to be re-designed and carried out with multiple approaches.We need to provide students with diversified general education courses to avoid restrictions of their cognition.The students need to read the classical works of Chinese and overseas writers to promote themselves

关 键 词：通识教育 智慧水平 教育理念 经典阅读 师生交往 

分 类 号：G643[文化科学—高等教育学]