启蒙时代的康德教育学讲座及其教育思想--基于近代德国大学教育学讲座改制的考察  

Immanuel Kant s Pedagogical Lectures and Educational Thought in the Age of Enlightenment:A Study Based on the Reform of Pedagogical Lectures at Modern German Universities

作　　者：肖朗[1] Xiao Lang(College of Education,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学教育学院,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2020年第5期14-30,共17页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

摘　　要：18世纪后半叶,伴随着德国启蒙运动及教育改革的兴起,普鲁士政府对以柯尼斯堡大学为中心的德国大学教育学讲座实施改制,旨在削弱教会对学校教育及其师资培养的掌控,促进国民教育体制的建立。在此背景下,当时任教于柯尼斯堡大学哲学院的康德等八位教授轮番主讲教育学讲座,遂使德国大学教育学讲座成为学校师资培训的重要基地。在此过程中,康德既吸纳了卢梭教育思想的理论资源,又参考了一些泛爱学园的教育实践活动,同时结合自己的批判哲学体系,较为系统地阐发了自身的教育思想和学说,进一步促使德国大学教育学讲座成为教育学研究的重要基地。从这个角度来说,具体而系统地考察以柯尼斯堡大学为中心的近代德国大学教育学讲座改制,既有助于学界把握康德教育思想的形成及其特征,对进一步认识康德教育学讲座的历史意义及影响也不乏裨益。In the second half of the 18th century,with the rise of the Enlightenment and educational reform in Germany,the Prussian government reformed the pedagogical lectures at German universities which centered around K nigsberg University.The reform aimed at weakening the church s control over school education and teacher training,and promoted the establishment of the national education system.In 1774,according to the special instruction issued by the Prussian government,K nigsberg University decided that the professors of the College of Philosophy should give pedagogical lectures in turn.These lectures were included in the teaching system of the university in the form of″public lectures″.All the students of the College of Philosophy could take part in this course without extra payment.In this context,eight professors of College of Philosophy of K nigsberg University,including Immanuel Kant,took turns to give pedagogical lectures,establishing pedagogical lectures at German universities as an important base for teacher training.In this process,Kant not only absorbed the theoretical resources of J.J.Rousseau s educational thought,but also referred to the educational practice of Philanthropinism represented by J.B.Basedow in the Philanthropinum school.At the same time,combined with his own critical philosophical system,Kant systematically expounded his own educational thought and theory,thus further promoting pedagogical lectures at German universities as an important base of pedagogical research.In fact,the reform of pedagogical lectures at K nigsberg University in 1774 was only the beginning.It led to further reforms of pedagogical lectures at German universities during the 18th and 19th centuries.For instance,the University of Halle set up an independent pedagogical lecture in 1779,and appointed E.C.Trapp,a disciple of Basedow,as a full-time professor.K nigsberg University also appointed S.G.Wald as a full-time professor of pedagogical lectures in 1790.In 1809,J.F.Herbart was appointed as professor of Kant s philos

关 键 词：康德 近代德国 柯尼斯堡大学 教育学讲座 教育思想 

分 类 号：G40-09[文化科学—教育学原理]