原忠恕  

Discussing Confucian Zhong and Shu

作　　者：刘梦溪[1,2] Liu Mengxi

机构地区：[1]中国艺术研究院 [2]中央文史研究馆,北京100124

出　　处：《文史哲》2021年第1期5-15,165,共12页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：“忠恕”是贯穿孔子学说的一条思想主线。“忠”与“诚”可互训,忠者必诚,诚者必忠;“恕”即“己所不欲,勿施于人”,就是设身处地,将心比心,换位思考,自己不喜欢不希望的东西不要强加于人。“恕”和“忠”一样,都是“从心”,即发自于内心的道德理念。心诚则忠,恕也必须基于心诚,但心有诚却不一定就能“恕”,与“恕”最接近的是“仁”。如果没有推己及人,“己所不欲,勿施于人”的“恕”的精神,礼乐相融的和乐美境不可能出现。适合于今人和尔后之人的恕道,也可推及古人,章学诚称“恕”为圣门之大道,而“文德之恕”是学者论古所必需者也。陈寅恪先生在为冯友兰的《中国哲学史》上册所写的审查报告中提出的“了解之同情”,是任何学人欲阐释古人之著述和学说,均无法避开的基本学术立场。Zhong and shu are two central concepts in Confucius’philosophy.Zhong can be understood as sincerity or earnestness.Shu is akin to the Western maxim of treating others as you yourself would be treated.The Chinese characters for zhong and shu both have a heart as their radical,which underscores the personal,mental aspect of moral considerations.Sincerity is a requisite for both zhong and shu,but not all who are sincere can necessarily achieve the empathy required for shu.The closest equivalent to shu in the Confucian lexicon is ren.If one does not have the capacity to be truly sensitive and considerate of others,then it is impossible to ever reach the lofty Confucian state of“perfect harmony between music and social propriety.”Confucian scholars Zhang Xuecheng and Chen Yinque both emphasized that compassion and sympathetic understanding were key to Confucian philosophy.

关 键 词：忠恕 己所不欲 勿施于人 文德之恕 了解之同情 入仁之门 

分 类 号：B822[哲学宗教—伦理学] B825