试论王夫之的“体知”论  

On Wang Fuzhi’s Theory of“Cognition Based on Experiences of Body and Mind”

作　　者：王博 WANG Bo

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学哲学院,北京100872

出　　处：《周易研究》2020年第5期92-103,共12页Studies of Zhouyi

摘　　要：王夫之的致知论具有明确的具身性与内在体验性等特征,强调人以身心交养、知行统一的方式获取"德性之知",称之为"体知"论更能彰显其理论特色。他的"体知"论依具体内容可划分为四个层次:"礼乐养德"主要是通过审美体验,以感性与理性相结合的方式,从身心两个向度长养和陶冶人之性情;"学思相资"是指人在具体的社会伦理生活中以"心体力行"的方式获取客观知识,培养人的知性能力;"存神尽性"则是凝聚灵明知觉与清通的心神以存仁养性,并充分发挥人之灵明知觉的天赋良能,即形体而超越形体,从而贯通天人、物我,达到万物皆备、死生为一的境界;"明诚合一"则统贯前三个方面,是王夫之体知论的最高总结。在"明"与"诚"的互动中,人得以全面认识和体认运行不息的天道与生生之仁,保持刚健不息的精神,以及通过审美、认识、道德等广泛的知行活动,实现与天通理、与仁同德。"体知"论不是单纯的"命题性知识"或"能力之知",是融契真、善、美的价值原则,全面关涉人之形体与精神结构的身心修养。Wang Fuzhi’s(1619-1692)theory of getting knowledge has a clear content of somatic and internal experience,emphasizing that people obtain“knowledge of virtue”by means of mutual nurturing of body and mind,and uniting knowledge and action.Calling it the theory of“cognition based on experiences of body and mind”can better demonstrate the features of his theory.This theory can be divided into four levels according to its specific contents:“Nourishing morality through ritual and music”is mainly based on aesthetic experience,in a way of combining sensibility and rationality,from the two dimensions of body and mind to cultivate people’s temperament.“Learning and thinking simultaneously”refers to obtaining objective knowledge through“internal experience and external action”in specific circumstances of social ethics to train one’s intellectual ability.“Preserving spirit and fully developing one’s innate nature”is to concentrate one’s spiritual consciousness and the clear mind to cultivate one’s sense of humanity,and give full play to the innate ability of human spiritual consciousness,depending on the physical body while transcending it,thus penetrating heaven and human,by the way of which things and me achieve the state that objective world and self become one,life and death become one.“Integration of consciousness and sincerity”threads through the above-mentioned three aspects and is the consummate summary of Wang Fuzhi’s theory of cognition.In the interaction between“consciousness”and“sincerity”,people can fully understand and realize the ceaseless movement of heaven and benevolence,maintain vigorous spirit,and realize the union with heaven in principle and the union with benevolence in virtue through a wide range of knowledge and action such as aesthetics,cognition,and morality.This kind of knowledge does not simply belong to“propositional knowledge”or“knowledge of ability”,but is a value principle that integrates truth,goodness,and beauty,which comprehensively

关 键 词：体知 德性之知 存神尽性 明诚合一 

分 类 号：B249.2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]