作为中国哲学关键词的“性”概念的生成及其早期论域的开展  

The Generation of the Concept of “Human Nature” as the Keyword of Chinese Philosophy and the Development of its Early Domain

作　　者：丁四新[1] DING Si-xin(Department of Philosophy,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084)

机构地区：[1]清华大学哲学系,北京100084

出　　处：《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第3期24-38,共15页Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“出土简帛四古本《老子》综合研究”(项目编号:15ZDB006)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要："性"概念是在天命论和宇宙生成论的双重思想背景下产生出来的,它联系着"天命"和"生命体"的双方。其一,"性"概念的提出,是为了追问生命体之所以如此及在其自身之本原的问题。它是一在己的、内在的且潜在的本原和质体。其二,"性"来源于"天命",是"天命"的下落和转化,而人物禀受于己身之中。"天命"与"性"虽有位格的不同,但其实体并无二致。其三,在"天生百物,人为贵"的命题中,古人很早即认识到,人物在其天赋之"性"中已禀受了区别彼此的类本质。孟子进一步辨明此义,认为人性不同于禽兽之性,故曰人性善。其四,"性"概念正式形成于春秋末期,而将"性"同时理解为"天命"的下降、转化和赋予,这很可能是孔子的思想贡献。其五,性命论、心性论、性情论、人性善恶论和人性修养论是"性"概念的相关论域,它们产生很早。其六,郭店简《性自命出》建立了一个由天、命、性、情、心、道、教和仁、义、礼、乐等概念组成的思想系统,其意义十分重大。其七,不同的"人性"概念会影响诸子对于人性善恶的判断及其修养方法的提出。人性善恶的辩论几乎贯穿于春秋末期以来中国古代思想史。其八,子思子的"尽性"说和孟子的"尽心"说是先秦人性修养论的精华。The concept of "human nature" came into being under the background of the theory of destiny and cosmogony. It links both "destiny" and "life". Firstly, the concept of "human nature" is to seek the answer towards the question of why life is as it is and the origin of life. Secondly, "human nature" comes from "destiny" as a process and transformation of life. Thirdly, as described in the proposition of "among all beings endowed by nature, human life is the prioritized species", ancient people have realized long before, human beings have been endowed with different inborn "nature". Mencius further identified this meaning as that human nature is different from the nature of animals, thus acclaiming that human nature is benevolent. Fourthly, the concept of human nature was formed up during late Spring and Autumn Period, while regarding "human nature" as the materialization, transformation and empowerment of destiny. Fifthly, life theory, mind theory, temperament theory, humanity’s being benevolent or evil theory and humanity’s cultivation theory are the fields relating to the concept of "human nature". Sixthly, the book Human Nature Come From Destiny by Guo Dianjian has formed a theoretic system composed of concepts including heaven, life, sex, love, heart, principle, religion and benevolence, righteousness, propriety as well as music. Different concepts of "human nature" will affect the judgment of good and evil of human nature and the methods of cultivation. Debate on whether human nature is good or evil has been going on throughout China’s ancient history since the late Spring and Autumn Period. The eighth point, the idea of "letting human nature play its full role" by Zisizi and Mencius’ theory of "dedication with full heart" is the essence of human nature cultivation during the Pre-Qin Period.

关 键 词：性 生 天命 孔子 性命论 心性论 人性善恶论 人性修养论 

分 类 号：B2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]