改“教授法”为“教学法”——陶行知科学化教学法思想的演进及启示  

From the Method of“Teaching”to the Method of“Teaching and Learning”:Tao Xingzhi's Scientific Teaching Methodology and Its Contemporary Enlightenment

作　　者：肖菊梅 XIAO Jumei(College of Teacher Education,Huzhou Teachers College,Huzhou 313000,China)

机构地区：[1]湖州师范学院教师教育学院,浙江湖州313000

出　　处：《教师教育学报》2021年第5期49-54,共6页Journal of Teacher Education

基　　金：2020年浙江省教育科学规划课题“赵廷为小学教育思想与实践研究”(2020SCG032),项目负责人:肖菊梅;浙江省湖州师范学院2019年人文社科预研究项目“近代中国教学论学者群体研究”(2019SKYY09),项目负责人:肖菊梅。

摘　　要：五四新文化运动后,民主与科学的观念深入教学改革的各个方面。陶行知主张改“教授法”为“教学法”,反映出科学化教学法思想的演进历程,即由“教与学分离”到“教学合一”再到“教学做合一”。此过程反映了教与学之间的辩证统一、知行合一的一元哲学观,也体现了陶行知科学化教学法思想的基本特征。陶行知科学化教学法思想对当今教师发展的启示主要体现在三个方面:第一,“以教人者教己”,提高教师的专业素养。首先,教师要掌握专业知识;其次,教师要坚持教学与科研相结合;再次,教师要明确自己的责任,促进“教学相长”。第二,“自动自得”,发挥学生的主体性与创造性。首先,因材施教,发挥学生的自主性;其次,培养创造力,激发学生的创造性。第三,“在劳力上劳心”,促进“教学做合一”。首先,以身立教,教会学生学习;其次,以身作则,注重立德树人。After the May Fourth New Culture Movement,the concepts of democracy and science went deep into all aspects of teaching reform.Tao Xingzhi advocated changing“teaching method”to“teaching and learning method”,reflecting the evolution of scientific teaching methods,namely,from“separation of teaching and learning”to“integration of teaching and learning”,and then to“integration of teaching,learning and doing”.This process reflects the dialectical unity of teaching and learning,and the philosophical unity of knowledge and action,and also reflects the basic characteristics of Tao Xingzhi's guiding ideology of scientific teaching methods.The enlightenment of Tao Xingzhi's pedagogical scientific thought on the development of today's teachers is mainly manifested in four aspects.Firstly,teachers should“teach themselves when teaching others”,and improve their professionalism,which means that teachers must master professional knowledge;teachers must attach importance to scientific research;teachers must clarify their responsibilities and promote“teaching-learning transaction”.The second is“self-satisfaction”,which means to give full play to the subjectivity and creativity of students,by which teachers should teach students in accordance with their aptitude and actualize students autonomy;cultivate and stimulate students creativity.The third is to“work hard with heart and soul”and promote“integration of teaching,learning and doing”,which requires teachers to teach by their personal examples,and let students learn how to learn;to“conduct students in an exemplary way”and emphasize moral education.

关 键 词：陶行知教育思想 “教学做合一” 教学相长 知行合一 以身作则 

分 类 号：G424[文化科学—课程与教学论]