小学儿童品德心理发展的教育支架  

The Educational Scafold for the Development of Moral Character in Primary School Children

作　　者：杨韶刚 郭嫄[3] Yang Shaogang;Guo Yuan(Guangzhou Huali College;Guangdong University of Foreign Studies)

机构地区：[1]广州华立学院教育学院 [2]广东外语外贸大学 [3]广东外语外贸大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《当代教育科学》2021年第11期12-22,共11页Contemporary Education Sciences

基　　金：全国教育科学“十三五”规划2016年度教育部青年课题(项目编号:EBA160407)的研究成果之一。

摘　　要：小学儿童的品德发展必须遵循"最近发展区"的教育理念,父母和教师要为学生的成长提供必要的教学支架,促使其获得更好的发展。研究发现,小学三到五年级学生的品德心理出现阶段性退行,但这是小学儿童品格心理螺旋式上升的必要表现形式。小学生品德心理发展的顺序是:从以道德他律为基础的自我中心发展到以公平意识为基础的互惠行为。小学儿童形成了矛盾冲突的道德情感,呈现动态发展性,由浅入深、由具体到抽象的特征。在道德行为方面,小学生容易出现知行不一的道德行为。父母和教师要用发展的眼光看待孩子,要善于观察孩子与同伴相处时的行为,帮助小学生多考虑成人对他们的期望,成人要与孩子建立互相尊重的爱的联系,帮助孩子形成家庭和班级的整体观,形成对集体的责任心。而所有这一切的基础是成人要成为孩子的道德榜样。教师要与学生建立亲密和谐的师生关系和伙伴关系,发挥情感教育的作用,成为学生感情的关怀者。应加强小学生良好行为习惯的培养,帮助儿童形成良好的道德人格。The moral development of primary school children must follow the educational idea of‘the zone of proximal development", and thus parents and teachers should provide the necessary teaching scafold for students’ growth and promote their better development. Some researches have found that the moral mind of primary school students from Grade 3-5 appears to degenerate in stages,but this is a necessary manifestation of the spiraling moral development of primary school children.The order of primary school pupils’ moral and psychological development is: From self-centeredness based on moral heteronomy to reciprocal behavior based on justice consciousness. Primary school children have formed conflicting moral emotions, showing the features of dynamic development, from shallow to deep, and from concrete to abstract. In the aspects of primary school students’ moral behavior, they are prone to moral behavior that is not consistent with what they know and do. Parents and teachers should treat the children with a developmental perspective, be good at observing the children’s behavior in company, and help them think more about what adults expect of them. Adults need to develop a respectful and loving relationship with the children, help children form a holistic view of the family and the class and form a sense of responsibility towards the collective, and all of which is based on adults’ being moral role models for children. Teachers should establish close and harmonious teacher-student relationship and partnership with students, give full play to the role of emotional education and become a caring person for students’ feelings. Adults should strengthen the cultivation of good behavioral habits of primary school students, and help children form good moral personality through the educational sequence of emotion, action, volition and cognition.

关 键 词：小学儿童 品德 互惠 道德情感 道德行为 

分 类 号：G621[文化科学—教育学]