中美义务教育学校绩效工资政策的比较研究--一个公共政策分析模型的构建与应用  

A Comparative Study of Performance Pay Policies in Chinese and American Compulsory Education Schools:Construction and Application of A Public Policy Analysis Model

作　　者：刘昕[1] 曾琦[1] LIU Xin;ZENG Qi(School of Public Administration and Policy,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学公共管理学院,北京100872

出　　处：《比较教育学报》2021年第6期46-60,共15页Journal of Comparative Education

基　　金：中国人民大学中央高校建设世界一流大学(学科)和特色发展引导专项基金资助项目(项目编号:2022033)。

摘　　要：我国义务教育绩效工资政策的实施受到了学界的广泛关注。尽管我国的义务教育绩效工资政策仍然存在经费保障不足、分配公平感较低、行政人员谋利、激励效果不明显以及缺乏细则指导等一系列问题,但由于该政策的落实确实提高了教师群体的工资水平和工作积极性,促进了义务教育城乡之间的平衡发展,因此在总体上取得了比较明显的积极成效。与此同时,针对我国义务教育绩效工资政策存在的不足,部分研究者提出,应通过借鉴实施历史更长的美国义务教育绩效工资政策优化和改进我国的同类政策;但另一些研究者则反对采取这种做法,他们认为美国的义务教育绩效工资政策本身存在着很多的不足,很多研究对该政策的实施效果所作的评估得出的结论都比较负面,再加上美国与中国的国情差异较大,因此不宜盲目借鉴美国的政策实践。为了考察中美两国各自的义务教育学校绩效工资政策的有效性,同时分析美国经验对中国是否具有借鉴价值,本文通过构建一个包含确定政策目标、设计政策内容、执行政策过程、实施效果评估以及调整优化等因素在内的公共政策分析模型,对中美义务教育绩效工资政策进行了系统性比较,从宏观层面的社会背景与目标内涵,再到微观层面的标准锚定和实施特征,解释了中美两国义务教育绩效工资政策存在的根本区别,得出了两种表面类似的公共政策实际上存在系统性差异的结论,指出了简单借鉴他国的政策经验可能存在的误区以及科学的公共政策管理应当遵循的完整步骤,为公共政策比较研究提供了一个新的视角和分析模型。The implementation of performance pay policy in compulsory education schools in China has attracted extensive attentions in academic circles.The common view is that although there are still lots of problems in China’s compulsory education schools performance pay policy,such as insufficient guarantee,low distribution fairness,profit seeking of administrative personnel,unclear incentive effect and lack of detailed rules and guidance,the implementation of the policy has indeed increased teachers’salary and improved their work enthusiasm,fairly balanced the development of compulsory education between urban and rural areas,so it has achieved obvious positive results on the whole.Meanwhile,to overcome the shortcomings in China’s compulsory education performance pay policy,some researchers claim that we should optimize and improve our similar policies by learning from the implementation of the American policy,which has a longer history.However,other researchers oppose this approach.They believe that there are many deficiencies in the performance pay policy in compulsory education schools in the US.Many studies have drawn negative conclusions on the implementation effect of the policy.In addition,the actual conditions of the US and China are quite different,which is not suitable to blindly learn from the policy practice of the US.In order to investigate the effectiveness of the policies between China and the US,analyzing whether the American experience can be used for reference to China,this paper constructs a public policy analysis model including determining policy objectives,designing policy content,implementing policy process,implementing effect evaluation,adjustment and optimization,then systematically compares the performance pay policies of compulsory education schools between China and the US,illustrates the fundamental differences of performance pay policies in compulsory education between those two countries in terms of social background,target connotation at the macro level,and standard anchoring and imp

关 键 词：绩效工资 绩效评价 公共政策 比较研究 中美义务教育 

分 类 号：G4[文化科学—教育学]