全球城市如何配置基础教育资源——基于纽约、东京、伦敦、新加坡的考察  

A Research on Policy Instruments of K-12 Education Resources Allocation in Global Cities——A Case Study of New York,Tokyo,London and Singapore

作　　者：张莹 胡耀宗 ZHANG Ying;HU Yaozong(Faculty of Education,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200062,China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学教育学部,上海200062

出　　处：《比较教育学报》2022年第1期16-27,共12页Journal of Comparative Education

基　　金：2020年国家社会科学基金重点项目“国家教育体系适应人口结构变化的战略管理研究”(项目编号:20AGL030)。

摘　　要：全球城市的基础教育资源配置始终面临学龄人口剧烈变动带来的结构性供给不足,以及居民教育质量需求持续提升的双重挑战。因此,优化基础教育资源配置结构,提升基础教育资源配置水平,实现基础教育资源供给的"公平性"和"充足性"是政府的长期诉求。本研究选择生师比、班级规模和生均教育经费三个指标,分析纽约、东京、新加坡及伦敦近年来的基础教育资源配置水平,发现四座全球城市的基础教育资源配置水平在逐步提升,其中纽约表现最佳。纽约、东京、新加坡和伦敦提升基础教育资源配置水平的政策措施:一是建立学龄人口变动预测机制,适应性调整学校数量与布局;二是分类设立平均班级规模标准,避免因学龄人口变动引发班级规模膨胀;三是依据基础教育各学段的教育教学特征、学校所在区域特征,设定相适应的生师比和教职比,保证教育教学水平;四是重构生均教育经费拨款公式,增加州政府和市政府的财政投入责任,提高教育经费的保障水平。得出如下启示:我国超大城市在应对学龄人口变动和优化基础教育资源配置的过程中,要尽快完善学龄人口预测机制,依据学龄人口分布调整学校布局;分学段、区域设定校均规模、班均规模、生师比和教职比,锚定配置标准;建立基于学校和学生特征的生均教育经费拨款公式,保证教育经费的稳定增长。There are dual challenges for Mega city development,one is the everlasting contradiction between the demand and supply of education resources caused by the drastic changes in the school-age population,and the other one is the residents’ ongoing demands for improving education quality.According to the experience of four global cities,there are four ways to respond to the challenges.Firstly,the local government should predict the school-age children through data analysis and adjust the school layout.Secondly,developing the class size standards to avoid the oversize class.Thirdly,developing the all kinds of standards of studentteacher ratio based on the characteristic of school.Fourthly,reconstruction of the formula for appropriation of education funds to guarantee funding growth.For Mega city in China such as Shanghai,Beijing etc.,the local government should develop School-age population forecast system as soon as possible,and revise the standards of class size,student-teacher ratio and school size,as well as construct the funding formula based on student and school characteristic.

关 键 词：全球城市 基础教育资源配置 生师比 班级规模 生均教育经费 

分 类 号：G4[文化科学—教育学]