民主参与学校管理机制——西班牙学校理事会职权演变及其成因分析  

Participatory Democracy School Management Mechanism——The Evolution of Spanish School Councils’ Power and Functions and the Causes

作　　者：杨瑷伊 孙进[1] YANG Aiyi;SUN Jin(Institute of International and Comparative Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学国际与比较教育研究院,北京100875

出　　处：《比较教育学报》2022年第3期93-107,共15页Journal of Comparative Education

摘　　要：学校理事会是教育界成员民主参与学校管理的机构,有助于推动教育管理现代化和民主化。1985年在国际趋势和国内环境的双重作用下,西班牙正式确立学校理事会制度。一方面,教育管理分权化和校本管理成为当时世界各国教育改革的主要潮流,推动了西班牙学校理事会的产生;另一方面,西班牙结束独裁统治,民主政治回归,也为学校理事会的成立提供了有利的国内环境。西班牙学校理事会的职权演变主要分为以下两个阶段:1985年至20世纪末是其产生发展时期,教育法不断完善其人员构成、职能权力和日常活动规定;21世纪初至今,西班牙教育法案不断修订学校理事会的职权,学校理事会在享有决策权和咨询权之间呈钟摆式变化。造成这种变化的原因包括:西班牙政党轮替导致国内政治环境和教育意识形态不断发生变化;学校管理专业化和民主化之间的矛盾推动二者展开博弈;西班牙学校理事会在现实中权力分配不均衡,家长和学生权力较小,导致民主参与学校管理有名无实。综上,在探索民主参与学校管理机制的过程中需要注意以下三点:保证校长在学校理事会和学校管理中的主导和引领地位,保证其他利益相关者真实参与学校管理,保证学校管理系统的灵活性和平衡性。The school council is the institution where the education community participate in school management democratically,and it helps to promote the modernization and democratization of education management.It is an important mechanism to realize the participatory democratic management of schools.In 1985,the school council system was formally established in Spain,following international trend and adapting to the domestic environment.On the one hand,decentralization in education management and school-based management constituted the main educational reform in the world at that time,which promoted the emergence of Spanish school council.On the other hand,the end of dictatorship and the regression of democratic politics in Spain also provided a favorable domestic environment.The evolution of the function and power of Spanish school councils can be divided into two stages.From 1985 to the end of the 20th century,the education law has constantly improved the provisions of its personnel composition,competence and daily activities.Since the beginning of the 21st century,its’competence has been revised continually through Spanish education law.The power that the school councils have vacillated between decision-making power and consulting power.The reasons for this pendulum phenomenon include:(1)the rotation of political parties in Spain has led to constant changes in the domestic political environment and educational ideology;(2)the contradiction between the professionalization and democratization of school management promotes the game between them;(3)in reality,the power distribution of Spanish school council is not balanced.The parents and students have less power,which leads to the nominal democratic management of school participation.In conclusion,the following three points need to be paid attention in the process of exploring the participatory democratic management mechanism of schools:to ensure the principal’s leading position,to ensure that other stakeholders truly participate in school management,and to ensure the

关 键 词：西班牙学校理事会 学校民主管理 校本管理 

分 类 号：G4[文化科学—教育学]